Memory Flashcards
explanations for forgetting
retrieval failure and interference
retrieval failure
absence of cues, unable to access the cue to retrieve the memory
- encoding specific detail
- remember the context
- remember the state
interference
one memory disrupting the ability to recall another, most likely to occur with similar memories
- proactive interference
- retroactive interference
proactive interference
past learning interferes with current attempts
retroactive interference
current attempts to learn something interferes with past learning
capacity
how much can be held in memory, bits of information such as number of digits
coding
way information is changed so it can be stored in memory
duration
how long a memory can last before it is no longer available
working memory model
central executive
episodic buffer - long term memory
visuo-spatial sketchpad
phonological loop
Central executive
Monitors and coordinates all other mental function in working memory
Limited capacity
Episodic buffer
- baddely added in 2000, temporary store
- integrating visual, spatial and verbal info
- maintains time sequence
- seen as storage component of CE
Visuo-spatial sketch pad
- stores info visually
- limited capacity
- baddely says 3-4 objects
- Visuo cash, store information
- inner scribe, records arrangement of objects
Phonological loop
- acoustic coding
- preserves order in which info arrives
- split into phonological store (words) and articulatory process (maintenance rehearsal)
- allows maintenance rehearsal in loop, 2 seconds
Short term memory
Limited capacity, coding mainly acoustic, capacity is between 5 and 9, duration between 18-30 seconds
Long term memory
Permanent memory store, coding mainly semantic, unlimited capacity and; can store memories for up to a lifetime
Semantic memory
Long term memory store, knowledge of the world, facts, words and concepts
Procedural
Long term memory, how to do things, memories of learned skills, recall without conscious of deliberate effort
Cues
A trigger of information that allows us to access a memory
Eyewitness testimony
The ability of people to remember the details of events which they have observed
Misleading questions
Incorrect information given to the eyewitness usually after the event
Leading questions
A question because of the way it is phrased suggests a certain answer
Post-event discussion
Occurs when there is more than one witness to an event, witnesses may discuss what they have seen with co-witnesses etc
Anxiety
Emotion includes worried thoughts and feelings of tension. Physical changes include increase heart rate and sweatiness. Normally reaction for stressful situation
Cognitive interview
Method of interviewing eyewitnesses to help them retrieve more accurate memories.
4 techniques of cognitive interview
Report everything
Reinstate the context
Reverse the order
Change perspective
Episodic memory
Store for personal events, memories have to be retrieved consciously and with effort. Memories of events, people, objects, places and behaviours involved
