Attachment

Question 1

Critical period

Answer 1

Biologically determined period of time, during which certain characteristics can develop. Outside, such development will not be possible

Question 2

Internal working model

Answer 2

Mental representation enables individuals to predict and control their environment. Model relates to a persons expectations about relationships

Question 3

Social releasers

Answer 3

Social behaviour or characteristic that elicits care giving and leads to attachment

Question 4

Animal study of attachment

Answer 4

Lorenz’s studying the effect of imprinting

Question 5

Procedure of Lorenz

Answer 5

• Lorenz took gosling eggs and divided them into two groups
• one group left with mother whilst others were placed in an incubator
• when eggs hatched, first thing they say was him, soon started following him around
• both group were marked and placed together

Question 6

Findings for Lorenz

Answer 6

• Gosling quickly divided them selves up, 1 following mother and other lorenz
• Imprinting
• lorenz identified a critical period in which imprinting needs to take place
• depending on the species this could be as brief as two hours after hatching
• if this does not occur Lorenz found chick didn’t attach themselves to a mother figure

Question 7

What’s imprinting

Answer 7

To develop a strong bond with the mother which a takes place during a specific time in development, first few hours after birth/hatching

Question 8

Bowlby’s monotropic theory

Answer 8

Indicates that one particular attachment is different from all other ones and of central importance to a child’s development

Question 9

Reciprocity

Answer 9

2 people interact, mother-infant interaction both respond to each other’s signals and elicits responses

Question 10

Interactional synchrony

Answer 10

Mother and infant reflect both the actions and emotions of the other and of this sync

Question 11

Multiple attachments

Answer 11

Attachments to 2 or more people, most babies develop after they’ve formed one true attachment

Question 12

Stages of attachment

Answer 12

Theory of characteristics of infants behaviour towards others as infants get older

Question 13

Animal studies

Answer 13

Studies carried out on animals rather than humans

Question 14

Learning theory

Answer 14

Theories from behaviourist approach to psychology, explanation for learning includes classical and operant conditioning

Question 15

Internal working model

Answer 15

Mental representation carried out with us of our attachment to our primary caregiver, important in affecting our future relationships

Question 16

Strange situation

Answer 16

Controlled observation designed to test attachment security

Question 17

Secure attachment

Answer 17

Desirable attachment with healthy outcomes. Moderate stranger and separation anxiety and ease comfort at reunion

Question 18

Insecure-avoidant attachment

Answer 18

Low anxiety but weak attachment. Low stranger and separation anxiety and little response to reunion

Question 19

Insecure-resistant attachment

Answer 19

Strong attachment and high anxiety. High levels of stranger and separation anxiety and resistant to be comforted at reunion

Question 20

Cultural variation

Answer 20

Differences in norms and values that exist between people in different groups

Question 21

Maternal deprivation

Answer 21

Emotional and intellectual consequences of separation between a child and their mother. Bowlby proposed that continuous care from a mother is essential for development

Question 22

Consequences from maternal deprivation

Answer 22

Causes serious damage to emotional and intellectual development

Question 23

Orphan studies

Answer 23

Children placed in care because their parents cannot look after them.

Question 24

Childhood relationships

Answer 24

Affiliations with other people in childhood, including friends and classmates, and with adults such as teachers

Question 25

Adult relationships

Answer 25

Include friendships and working relationships but most critically relationships with romantic partners and the persons own children