Memory

Question 1

What is the importance of memory?

Answer 1

Important for survival and new learning

Memory plays a critical role in how we learn and adapt to our environment.

Question 2

What are the two main types of long-term memory?

Answer 2

Explicit memory and Implicit memory

Explicit memory is conscious and long-term, while implicit memory is unconscious and also long-term.

Question 3

What is explicit memory?

Answer 3

Declarative/conscious and long-term

Explicit memory can be further divided into episodic, semantic, and prospective memory.

Question 4

What is episodic memory?

Answer 4

Autobiographical memory

Example: The night you graduated from college.

Question 5

What is semantic memory?

Answer 5

Factual knowledge

Example: George Washington was the first president of the US.

Question 6

What is prospective memory?

Answer 6

Delayed intentions

Example: Pick up milk after work today.

Question 7

What is implicit memory?

Answer 7

Nondeclarative/unconscious and long-term

Implicit memory includes skills, priming, conditioning, and emotional responses.

Question 8

Implicit: skills (procedural knowledge)

Answer 8

Riding a bike or playing checkers

Question 9

Implicit: priming

Answer 9

Responding faster to ‘butter’ after hearing ‘bread’.

Question 10

Implicit: conditioning

Answer 10

Associating the sound of a fire siren with an emergency.

Question 11

What are the stages of memory?

Answer 11

Encoding, Consolidation, Storage, Retrieval

Each stage plays a critical role in how memories are formed and recalled.

Question 12

Encoding

Answer 12

•Early processing of material to be learned
•Depth and organization of material (quality of encoding) determines how well it’s stored
•Largely dependent on dlPFC
.

Question 13

Consolidation

Answer 13

•Process by which recently encoded info is transferred to permanent storage
•Recent events are more vulnerable to forgetting because consolidation is not complete
•Once it is consolidated, less dependent on hippocampus, and more on cortical structures

Question 14

Storage

Answer 14

•Information is held in memory for future use
•Long term store permanent unless interrupted by pathology

Question 15

Retrieval

Answer 15

•Pulling information from storage to use it
•PFC and hippocampus involved in retrieval
•NOTE: REPEATED RETRIEVAL FROM LONG-TERM STORE STRENGTHENS MEMORIES!

Question 16

Hippocampus

Answer 16

•Critical for encoding and consolidation of memory

Question 17

Amygdala

Answer 17

•Encoding emotional memories
•Consolidation

Question 18

Basal ganglia

Answer 18

•Learning motor skills
•Implicit memory

Question 19

Cerebellum

Answer 19

•Procedural memory

Question 20

Frontal lobe

Answer 20

•Prospective memory
•Important for retrieval/executive control

Question 21

Temporal lobe

Answer 21

•Autobiographical memory
•Semantic knowledge

Question 22

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 22

•difficulty remembering anything from the onset of the problem on any new memories after the TBI for example

Question 23

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 23

•difficulty remembering things before the onset of the problem, or after the TBI for example

Question 24

Posttraumatic amnesia

Answer 24

loss of memory for events immediately before or following a trauma

Question 25

How is memory assessed (examples)?

Answer 25

•List learning, digit span, story retell •Immediate, delayed, recognition, forced choice •For list learning with multiple trials, gives info on: •initial recall: span or attention mechanisms •learning curve: amount of information learned •Primacy (do you tend to remember stuff at beginning) and recency (do you tend to remember stuff at end, most recent) effects •learning strategies: organization, association, rehearsal, visualization, etc. •Visual memory tasks •Attempt to take language out of it •Often abstract designs/figures •Prospective memory tasks •When x happens later in the assessment, I want you to do y

Question 26

How is memory treated?

Answer 26

•Restorative v. compensatory rehabilitation •Internal v. external strategies •Metacognitive (thinking about thinking) training needs to happen alongside memory treatment in many patients

Question 27

Implicit: emotional

Answer 27

Physical attraction or fear