Memory Flashcards
info processing continuum
flows from bottom up and top down
memory
- encoding
- storage
- retrieval
- encoding
acquiring info and transferring it to memory
- storage
retention of info in brain
- retrieval
retrieval of stored info
Atkinson-Shriffrin model
if memory isn’t transferred to next stage, it’s permanently lost - three stages
- sensory memory
- holds ENORMOUS amounts of sensory memory
- data remains for less than a second
- STM
short-term memory
- hold small amount of info for limited time
1. rehearsal: repetition of info
2. chunking: grouping similar info together
- LTM
long-term memory
- levels of processing theory: depth of processing applied to info that predicts its ease of retrieval (Craik and Lockhart)
- info goes from short-term to long-term w/ rehearsal
maintenance rehearsal
simple repetition
elaborative rehearsal
linking new material to stuff u already know
working memory
allows us to make sense of, modify, interpret and store info in short term memory
eg. visualizing a drawing before designing it
serial position effect
primary effect: remembering first items on a list
recency effect: remembering last words on a list
declarative memory
consciously retrieved memory that’s easily to verbalize
eg. explicit memory
nondeclarative
unconsciously, easily retrieved memory
eg. typing
semantic
general knowledge
eg. whats a churro
episodic memory
personal experience
eg. vacay at beach
autobiographical
semantic or episodic that refers to self
procedural memory
how to carry out skilled movement
priming
change in response to stimulus coz of exposure to previous stimulus
hippocampus and memory
consolidation of info into long-term memory
cerebral cortex and memory
semantic, episodic and autobiographical memories
basal ganglia and memory
procedural memories
spreading activation model
connectionist theory - people organize general knowledge based on individual experiences
schema
set of expectations baout objects and situations
Sternberg - why we retrieve memories
we go through STM one item at a time instead of all at once
cue
stimulus that aids retrieval
encoding specificity
memories incorporate unique combos of info when encoded
reconstruction
rebuilding memory out of stored elements
flashbulb memory
especially vivid and detailed memory of emotional event
forgetting
decrease in ability to remember a previously formed memory
decay
can’t grab rarely used info over time
interference
competition between newer and older info in memory
proactive interference
reduced memory for target info bc of earlier learning
retroactive interference
reduced memory for target info coz of subsequent learning
LTP - long term potentiation
better communication between 2 neurons coz of synchronous activation - number of axon terminals increases following sensitization and decrease following habituation
ACh and memory
affects encoding of new info
NDMA N-methyl-D-aspartate
learning-related changes like the ones in LTP
Atkinson-Shiffrin Model
sensory input -> sensory memory -> STM -> LTM
