Biological Flashcards
whats csf?
cerebrospinal fluid - liquid that goes into membrane of brain, helps protect brain
sensory neurons
info from body to CNS
motor neurons
info from CNS to body
interneurons
bridge between motor and sensory neurons
brainstem
midbrain, pons, medulla
midbrain
sensory reflexes, movement, pain
pons
sleep-wake cycle, breathing
medulla
HR, BP, breathing
cerebellum
attached to brainstem
- skilled movement, cognitive processing, balance and motor coordination
- more brain cells than rest of body
reticular formation
mood, arousal, sleep
thalamus
- body’s info relay station for senses
- sleep, wakefulness, consciousness, learning, memory
hypothalamus
4F’s - feeding, fleeing, fighting, fornication
basal ganglia
voluntary movement systems
hippocampus
long-term memory
cingulate cortex
anterior: decision-making and emotion
posterior - memory and visual processing
amygdala
fear and aggression
nucleus accumbens
reward and addiction
corpus callosm
nerves connecting left and right hemispheres
white matter
never fiber pathways
frontal lobe
voluntary movement, behavior, emotion, etc
primary motor cortex
voluntary movement
prefrontal cortex
behavior, attention, judgment
orbitofrontal cortex
emotion
Broca’s area
speech
occipital lobe
- allows you to recognize things
- primary visual cortex: interpret input from eyes
temporal lobe
- process higher visual system tasks
- primary auditory cortex: process incoming sounds
parietal lobe
- input process taste and engages in complex vision processing
- primary somatosensory cortex: localize tough, pain, skin temp and body position
sensory cortex
process info abt senses systems
motor cortex
voluntary control over movement
association cortex
bridge between sensation and action, language and abstract thought
mirror neurons
Rizzolatti - understand intentions behind others’ actions and emotions
somatic nervous system
voluntary movement system from CNS
autonomic nervous system
stuff beyond consciousness
sympathetic nervous system
preps body for expending energy
parasympathetic nervous system
preps body for storage of energy
enteric nervous system
neurons in lining of gastrointestinal system
endocrine system
glands release hormones (messengers) into blood
- responds to input from nervous system & hypothalamus (4 F’s)
pineal gland
maintenance of sleep, melatonin
pituitary gland
- hormones that influence release of other gland hormones
- oxytocin, vasopressin, growth hormone
thyroid gland
rate of metabolism + chemical processes you need for life
adrenal gland
stress
islets of langerhans
digestion (eg. insulin)
neuron
send and receive neural messages
parts of neuron
- cell body (nucleus)
- axon (give info to other neuron)
- dendrite (receive other neuron info)
- myelin (insulation + speed)
- white matter (nerve fiber pathways)
- gray matter (lots of cell bodies)
glia
help hold nerve cells in place + forms myelin + prevents toxins from harming neuron
1. form myelin in CNS - damage is permanent
2. form myelin elsewhere - damage is temporary
neural signaling
- signaling neuron’s axon creates action potential
- action potential triggers release of neurotransmitters
action potential
electrical signal arising in neuron’s axon
resting potential
measure of electrical charge when neuron isn’t processing info
chemical signaling - synapse
point of communication between 2 neurons
chemical signaling - neurotransmitter
chemical messenger - communicates across synapse
chemical signaling - receptor
channel in membrane - interacts w/ neurotransmitter of other neurons
chemical signaling - reuptake
molecules of neurotransmitter go from synaptic gap -> axon terminal
neurotransmitters - ACh
acetylcholine
- autonomic nervous system - learning + memory
neurotransmitters - norepinephrine
- sympathetic nervous system
- arousal + vigilence
neurotransmitters - dopamine
systems w/ movement, planning and reward
neurotransmitters - serotonin
sleep, appetite, mood
neurotransmitters - endorphin
modify natural response to pain
