Learning Flashcards
reflexes
inevitable, involuntary responses to stimuli that promotes welfare
- eg. goosebumps
instincts
inborn patterns of behavior from environmental stimuli - requires more neurons than reflexes
eg. contagious yawning
- associative learning
connecting stimuli and behaviours (predicts future based on past experience)
1. classical conditioning: connections between 2 stimuli happening sequentially
2. operant conditioning: connection between behaviors and their outcomes
- nonassociative learning
changes in magnitude of responses to stimulus
1. habiutation: reactions to repeated stimuli that are unchanging and harmless decrease
2. sensitization: increased reaction to many stimuli after exposure to one stimulus
eg. exaggerated responses to movement or noise after earthquake
- observational learning
one organism watches actions of another and learns
conditioned
something that must be learned
classical conditioning
learning that happens when neutral stimulus becomes associated w/ stimulus that naturally produces a behavior
CS
conditioned stimulus
- stimulus who’s significance is learned through classical conditioning
UCS
unconditioned stimulus
- elicits response w/o prior experience
CR
conditioned response
- response learned through classical conditioning
UCR
unconditioned response
- response to unconditioned stimulus that requires no previous experience
eg. jumping at a sound
Pavlov’s conditioning - before
food (UCS) produces salivation (UCR) and metronome produces no reliable responding
pavlov’s conditiong - during
sound of metronome is followed by food (UCS) which produces salivation (UCR)
pavlov’s conditioning - after
metronome (CS) produces salivation (CR)
acquisition
development of CR
extinction
reduction of CR
- spontaneous recovery: during extinction training, reappearance of conditioned responses after period of rest
inhibition
CS predicts non-occurrence of UCS
generalization
response to stimuli that’s similar to original conditioned stimulus
discrimination
learned ability to distinguish between stimuli
high order conditioning
stimuli associated w/ CS also elicit CR
latent inhibition
slower learning that occurs when CS is already familiar compared to when it’s unfamiliar
element of surprise
Rescorla and Wagner
- learning occurs as function of how surprising association between CS and UCS appears
taste aversion
Garcia and Robert Koelling
- types of stimuli used as CS and UCS matter that some combinations are learned faster than others
aversion therapy
application of counterconditioning where CS is paired w/ unpleasurable UCS
systematic desensitization
counterconditioning where people relax while exposed to stimuli that evoke fear
addiction
environmental cues (CS) associated w/ effects of substance use (UCS) continue to evoke craving (CR) for drug
overcoming fear w/ exposure therapy
treating phobias by exposing people to fear-producing stimuli
Law of effect
Edward Thorndike - cat try to escape
- behavior will be “stamped into” organism’s repertoire depending on consequences of behavior
positive reinforcement
increases frequency of its associated behavior by providing desired outcome
Premack principle
whatever behavior an organism spends the most time and energy doing is probs import to them
conditioned reinforcer
reinforcer that gains value from being associated w/ other things that’re valued
negative reinforcement
method for increasing behaviors that allow organism to escape/avoid unpleasant consequences
positive punishment
aversive stimulus causes consequence that eliminates/reduces frequency of behavior
negative punishment
reduce behavior by removing something desirable when target behavior is performed
partial reinforcement
reinforcement of desired behavior on some occasions but not others
FR (fixed ratio) and VR (variable ratio)
following set number of behaviors
FI (fixed interval)
first response following specified interval is reinforced
VI (variable interval)
first response following varying period is reinforced
partial reinforcement effect in extinction
more rapid extinction observed following continuous reinforcement compared to that following partial reinforcement
operant conditioning
increasing frequency of behaviors that never or rarely occur
- aka: shaping
latent learning
occurs in absence of reinforcement
instinctive drift
instinctive behaviors often interfered w/ training
token economy
tokens that can be exchanged for other reinforcers are used to increase frequency of desirable behaviors
observational therapy
copying behavior that’s unlikely to occur naturally/spontaneously
- attention, retention, reproduction and motivation
