Memory

Question 1

Name the 3 stores in the Multistore Model

Answer 1

Sensory memory
Short term
Long term

Question 2

How is information coded in sensory memory?

Answer 2

Through the 5 senses

Question 3

What is the capacity and duration of sensory memory?

Answer 3

Capacity: very large
Duration: less than half a second

Question 4

How is information transferred from Sensory memory to STM?

Answer 4

Attention

Question 5

How is information coded in STM?

Answer 5

Acoustically

Question 6

What is the capacity and duration of STM?

Answer 6

Capacity: 7+/-2
Duration: 18-30 seconds

Question 7

How is information transferred from STM to LTM?

Answer 7

Prolonged rehearsal

Question 8

How is information coded in LTM?

Answer 8

Semantically (giving it meaning)

Question 9

What is the capacity and duration of LTM?

Answer 9

Capacity: vast
Duration: up to a lifetime

Question 10

How did Peterson and Peterson measure the duration of STM?

Answer 10

Students recalled meaningless three-letter trigrams at different intervals. To prevent rehearsal students had to count backwards in threes or fours from a specific number until they were asked to recall the letters

Question 11

What were the key findings of P & P’s research?

Answer 11

The larger the interval, the less accurate the recall. At 3 seconds, around 80% of the trigrams were correctly recalled, whereas at 18 seconds, only 10% were correctly recalled

Question 12

How do the findings of P & P’s study support the MSM?

Answer 12

The results show that if we are unable to rehearse information, it will not be passed to long-term memory, providing further support for the MSM and the idea of discrete memory stores

Question 13

Why did the P & P study get criticised for lacking external validity?

Answer 13

The use of a lab experiment and psychology students

Question 14

How did Jacobs measure the capacity of STM?

Answer 14

The researcher gave 4 digits and participant recalls them in the correct order

Question 15

What were the key findings of Jacob’s research?

Answer 15

The mean number of letters in STM is 7.3
The mean number of numbers in STM is 9.3

Question 16

How do the findings of Jacob’s study support the MSM?

Answer 16

The capacity of STM is 7+/-2

Question 17

How does Miller’s research support Jacob’s study?

Answer 17

He wrote an article calles ‘The magic number 7 plus or minus 2’
Lots of research supports the idea that we can remember approximately 7 items in STM

Question 18

How did Baddeley’s study measure coding in STM and LTM?

Answer 18

Participants were shown one of 4 lists that were either acoustically similar, acoustically dissimilar, semantically similar and semantically dissimilar
Participants had to learn amd recall the lists either immediately or after 20 minutes

Question 19

What were the key findings of Baddeley’s research?

Answer 19

Immediate: worst remembered list was the acoustically similar
20 minutes: worst remembered list was the semantically similar

Question 20

How did Bahrick’s study measure the duration of LTM?

Answer 20

Participants were tested on their recall of:
1. Photo recognition of 50 photos from their highschool yearbook
2. Free recall where participants recalled any names from their highschool class

Question 21

What were the results of Bahricks research?

Answer 21

15 years after: 90% accuracy photo recognition and 60% accuracy free recall

48 years after: 70% accuracy photo recognition and 30% accuracy free recall

Question 22

Why has some of the research into the MSM been criticised for lacking external validity?

Answer 22

Use of artificial materials and problem of rehearsal

Question 23

What is the problem of maintenance rehearsal?

Answer 23

Model says information is transferred from STM to LTM through maintenance rehearsal. Elaborative rehearsal is more effective as it gives it meaning as you’re makming associations between the new information and info you already know

Question 24

What is the evidence that STM is not a unitary model?

Answer 24

KF damages his STM in a motorbike accident. After the accident he had problems remembering lists of digits when they were read to him, but he could remember them when he read them.

Question 25

What is the evidence that LTM is not a unitary store?

Answer 25

Clive Wearing’s procedural LTM was intact but his semantic and episodic memories were affected by his brain damage