Memory

Question 1

define learning

Answer 1

the process of information acquisition

Question 2

memory definition

Answer 2

the result of acquired and stored information

Question 3

what are the 3 major stages of memory

Answer 3

encoding
storage
retrieval

Question 4

what is encoding

Answer 4

acquisition and consolidation

Question 5

what is storage

Answer 5

representation of the acquired and consolidated information

Question 6

what is retrieval

Answer 6

utilisation of stored information to perform specific acts

Question 7

what are the two types of human memory

Answer 7

long term and short term

Question 8

what does short term memory include

Answer 8

sensory and working memory

Question 9

what are the two types of long term memory

Answer 9

declarative and non declarative

Question 10

what is declarative memory also known as

Answer 10

explicit memory

Question 11

what is non declarative memory also known as

Answer 11

implicit memory

Question 12

what are the two types of sensory memory

Answer 12

iconic and echoic

Question 13

how can echoic memory be measured

Answer 13

using a magnetic mismatch field

Question 14

how is MMF measured

Answer 14

comparison of deviant tones and standardised tones with a time difference between both noises

Question 15

what are the findings of MMF

Answer 15

the amplitude between two tones declines as the time between tones increases

Question 16

what do the timings of MMF suggest

Answer 16

an automatic process in echoic memory that has a time course

Question 17

what are the two main models of short term memory

Answer 17

Hierarchical modal model
3 component working memory model

Question 18

what are the main ideas of the hierarchical modal model

Answer 18

-discrete stages of memory
-attention and rehearsal required for long term memory
-serial processing steps

Question 19

describe the stages involved in hierarchical model

Answer 19

sensory input- enters the sensory register
attention
short term storage
rehearsal
long term storage

Question 20

who proposed the working memory model

Answer 20

Baddely and Hitch

Question 21

why is the working memory model different from STM

Answer 21

it operates on memory content, but also sensory information and retrieved information

Question 22

what are the main parts of the working memory model

Answer 22

central executive, visuospatial sketchpad and phonological loop

Question 23

what brain area is associated with working memory

Answer 23

supramarginalgyrus

Question 24

what does explicit memory involve

Answer 24

events
facts
relationships

Question 25

what does implicit memory involve

Answer 25

priming
conditioning
habituation
sensitisation
procedural

Question 26

how is procedural learning measured

Answer 26

sequences of flashes associated with number
ppts tap the number as it appears

Question 27

what was found about procedural learning

Answer 27

reaction times to the repeating sequence becomes faster compared to random sequences, even with no knowledge a pattern exists.

Question 28

what is procedural learning encoded by

Answer 28

the basal ganglia

Question 29

define priming

Answer 29

refers to a
change in the response
to a stimulus, or in the
ability to identify a
stimulus, following prior
exposure to that
stimulus

Question 30

what is conditioning

Answer 30

associative memory
unconditioned stimulus paired with conditioned stimulus
unconditioned response elicits conditioned response

Question 31

what is anterograde amnesia

Answer 31

memory loss for the future - inability to learn new things

Question 32

what is retrograde amnesia

Answer 32

memory loss for the past

Question 33

what are the findings of patient HM

Answer 33

hippocampus removed as epilepsy treatment
resulted in anterograde amnesia (episodic memory)
residual memory still in tact

Question 34

how is Korsakoff’s syndrome characterised

Answer 34

problems learning new information, inability to remember recent events and long-term memory gaps

Question 35

what brain areas are damaged by Korsakoff’s syndrome

Answer 35

dorsomedial nucleus
mammillary bodies

Question 36

what happened to patient EE

Answer 36

surgery affecting left superior temporal and left inferior parietal cortex
resulted in selective short term memory deficits

Question 37

what is patient EE used to critique and why

Answer 37

modal model of memory - long term memory is still in tact

Question 38

what other forms of memory can be spared with hippocampal damage

Answer 38

familiarity

Question 39

how is familiarity tested

Answer 39

patients presented with word and then again one hour later
asked to indicate confidence in words that had already been presented

Question 40

How do we study medial temporal lobe involvement in
encoding of familiarity, source (episodic) memory, and
their retrieval

Answer 40

-a technique to measure brain activation
-a behavioural test that separates different memory forms

Question 41

what is the experimental design for involvement of hippocampus in encoding

Answer 41

encoding - animacy or size judgment
retrieval - recognition and source memory (colour of word)

Question 42

what are the findings of familiarity

Answer 42

found to be stored in the entorhinal cortex

Question 43

how is confidence related to encoding

Answer 43

the confidence of recognition of an item correlates with activity in the entorhinal cortex