Memory Flashcards

1
Q

define learning

A

the process of information acquisition

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2
Q

memory definition

A

the result of acquired and stored information

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3
Q

what are the 3 major stages of memory

A

encoding
storage
retrieval

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4
Q

what is encoding

A

acquisition and consolidation

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5
Q

what is storage

A

representation of the acquired and consolidated information

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6
Q

what is retrieval

A

utilisation of stored information to perform specific acts

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7
Q

what are the two types of human memory

A

long term and short term

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8
Q

what does short term memory include

A

sensory and working memory

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9
Q

what are the two types of long term memory

A

declarative and non declarative

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10
Q

what is declarative memory also known as

A

explicit memory

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11
Q

what is non declarative memory also known as

A

implicit memory

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12
Q

what are the two types of sensory memory

A

iconic and echoic

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13
Q

how can echoic memory be measured

A

using a magnetic mismatch field

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14
Q

how is MMF measured

A

comparison of deviant tones and standardised tones with a time difference between both noises

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15
Q

what are the findings of MMF

A

the amplitude between two tones declines as the time between tones increases

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16
Q

what do the timings of MMF suggest

A

an automatic process in echoic memory that has a time course

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17
Q

what are the two main models of short term memory

A

Hierarchical modal model
3 component working memory model

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18
Q

what are the main ideas of the hierarchical modal model

A

-discrete stages of memory
-attention and rehearsal required for long term memory
-serial processing steps

19
Q

describe the stages involved in hierarchical model

A

sensory input- enters the sensory register
attention
short term storage
rehearsal
long term storage

20
Q

who proposed the working memory model

A

Baddely and Hitch

21
Q

why is the working memory model different from STM

A

it operates on memory content, but also sensory information and retrieved information

22
Q

what are the main parts of the working memory model

A

central executive, visuospatial sketchpad and phonological loop

23
Q

what brain area is associated with working memory

A

supramarginalgyrus

24
Q

what does explicit memory involve

A

events
facts
relationships

25
what does implicit memory involve
priming conditioning habituation sensitisation procedural
26
how is procedural learning measured
sequences of flashes associated with number ppts tap the number as it appears
27
what was found about procedural learning
reaction times to the repeating sequence becomes faster compared to random sequences, even with no knowledge a pattern exists.
28
what is procedural learning encoded by
the basal ganglia
29
define priming
refers to a change in the response to a stimulus, or in the ability to identify a stimulus, following prior exposure to that stimulus
30
what is conditioning
associative memory unconditioned stimulus paired with conditioned stimulus unconditioned response elicits conditioned response
31
what is anterograde amnesia
memory loss for the future - inability to learn new things
32
what is retrograde amnesia
memory loss for the past
33
what are the findings of patient HM
hippocampus removed as epilepsy treatment resulted in anterograde amnesia (episodic memory) residual memory still in tact
34
how is Korsakoff's syndrome characterised
problems learning new information, inability to remember recent events and long-term memory gaps
35
what brain areas are damaged by Korsakoff's syndrome
dorsomedial nucleus mammillary bodies
36
what happened to patient EE
surgery affecting left superior temporal and left inferior parietal cortex resulted in selective short term memory deficits
37
what is patient EE used to critique and why
modal model of memory - long term memory is still in tact
38
what other forms of memory can be spared with hippocampal damage
familiarity
39
how is familiarity tested
patients presented with word and then again one hour later asked to indicate confidence in words that had already been presented
40
How do we study medial temporal lobe involvement in encoding of familiarity, source (episodic) memory, and their retrieval
-a technique to measure brain activation -a behavioural test that separates different memory forms
41
what is the experimental design for involvement of hippocampus in encoding
encoding - animacy or size judgment retrieval - recognition and source memory (colour of word)
42
what are the findings of familiarity
found to be stored in the entorhinal cortex
43
how is confidence related to encoding
the confidence of recognition of an item correlates with activity in the entorhinal cortex