Memory Flashcards
define learning
the process of information acquisition
memory definition
the result of acquired and stored information
what are the 3 major stages of memory
encoding
storage
retrieval
what is encoding
acquisition and consolidation
what is storage
representation of the acquired and consolidated information
what is retrieval
utilisation of stored information to perform specific acts
what are the two types of human memory
long term and short term
what does short term memory include
sensory and working memory
what are the two types of long term memory
declarative and non declarative
what is declarative memory also known as
explicit memory
what is non declarative memory also known as
implicit memory
what are the two types of sensory memory
iconic and echoic
how can echoic memory be measured
using a magnetic mismatch field
how is MMF measured
comparison of deviant tones and standardised tones with a time difference between both noises
what are the findings of MMF
the amplitude between two tones declines as the time between tones increases
what do the timings of MMF suggest
an automatic process in echoic memory that has a time course
what are the two main models of short term memory
Hierarchical modal model
3 component working memory model
what are the main ideas of the hierarchical modal model
-discrete stages of memory
-attention and rehearsal required for long term memory
-serial processing steps
describe the stages involved in hierarchical model
sensory input- enters the sensory register
attention
short term storage
rehearsal
long term storage
who proposed the working memory model
Baddely and Hitch
why is the working memory model different from STM
it operates on memory content, but also sensory information and retrieved information
what are the main parts of the working memory model
central executive, visuospatial sketchpad and phonological loop
what brain area is associated with working memory
supramarginalgyrus
what does explicit memory involve
events
facts
relationships
what does implicit memory involve
priming
conditioning
habituation
sensitisation
procedural
how is procedural learning measured
sequences of flashes associated with number
ppts tap the number as it appears
what was found about procedural learning
reaction times to the repeating sequence becomes faster compared to random sequences, even with no knowledge a pattern exists.
what is procedural learning encoded by
the basal ganglia
define priming
refers to a
change in the response
to a stimulus, or in the
ability to identify a
stimulus, following prior
exposure to that
stimulus
what is conditioning
associative memory
unconditioned stimulus paired with conditioned stimulus
unconditioned response elicits conditioned response
what is anterograde amnesia
memory loss for the future - inability to learn new things
what is retrograde amnesia
memory loss for the past
what are the findings of patient HM
hippocampus removed as epilepsy treatment
resulted in anterograde amnesia (episodic memory)
residual memory still in tact
how is Korsakoff’s syndrome characterised
problems learning new information, inability to remember recent events and long-term memory gaps
what brain areas are damaged by Korsakoff’s syndrome
dorsomedial nucleus
mammillary bodies
what happened to patient EE
surgery affecting left superior temporal and left inferior parietal cortex
resulted in selective short term memory deficits
what is patient EE used to critique and why
modal model of memory - long term memory is still in tact
what other forms of memory can be spared with hippocampal damage
familiarity
how is familiarity tested
patients presented with word and then again one hour later
asked to indicate confidence in words that had already been presented
How do we study medial temporal lobe involvement in
encoding of familiarity, source (episodic) memory, and
their retrieval
-a technique to measure brain activation
-a behavioural test that separates different memory forms
what is the experimental design for involvement of hippocampus in encoding
encoding - animacy or size judgment
retrieval - recognition and source memory (colour of word)
what are the findings of familiarity
found to be stored in the entorhinal cortex
how is confidence related to encoding
the confidence of recognition of an item correlates with activity in the entorhinal cortex
