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Cognitive neuroscience > Emotion > Flashcards

Emotion Flashcards

1
Q

what happened to patient SM

A

damage in bilateral amygdala area
resulted in interpreting emotions

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2
Q

how was Patient’s SMs deficit found

A

asked to draw faces depicting emotions, unable to draw fear - drew picture of a baby

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3
Q

how has the amygdala been found to be related to fear

A

lesions in monkeys cause loss of innate fear - become hyperoral, hypersexual and docile

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4
Q

how do lesions in humans differ

A

effects emotional fear processing

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5
Q

what is the modern biological view of emotional expressions

A

universality of emotional expressions
emotions have evolved as a means of social communication

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6
Q

what are Ekman and Friesen’s basic emotions

A

happiness, sadness, anger, surprise, disgust and fear

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7
Q

why are universal emotions critiqued?

A

ignores the social nature of facial expressions - deception and subtle expression

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8
Q

what is the circumplex model

A

when emotions are rated on salience - activation and deactivation scale or pleasant and unpleasant scale

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9
Q

what is the limbic system

A

developed in the 20th century
originally thought to be involved with emotional processing

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10
Q

why is the limbic system not thought to be the basis of emotion

A

many areas linked to it perform functions different from emotional processing

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11
Q

what does James Lange theory suggest

A

we first perceive physiological arousal that trigger experience of emotion

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12
Q

what did Cannon-Bard do

A

removed all sympathetic visceral feedback in cats by midbrain sectioning

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13
Q

what did Cannon-Bard find and what does it suggest

A

the cats still experienced emotion - argument against feedback from visceral system as a trigger for emotions

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14
Q

explain how “Russel at the dentist” contradicts James Lange theory

A

-Russel given adrenaline as a way to reduce pain
-this causes change in heart rate, sweat and arousal - all traits of fear
-he did not experience any fear

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15
Q

what is fear conditioning

A

pairing a neutral stimulus with an aversive stimulus

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16
Q

how do we know fear conditioning has occurred

A

the neutral stimulus presented on its own results in fear responses

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17
Q

what is extinction

A

the conditioned stimulus repeatedly presented without aversive stimulus - results in diminishment of fear response

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18
Q

how are changes in emotions usually measured

A

skin conductance

19
Q

why is skin conductance used to measure emotion

A

emotional arousal (positive or negative) causes us to sweat more
this changes the electrical conductivity of the skin

20
Q

what is Domasio’s card game used to measure

A

somatic marker hypothesis

21
Q

explain Domasio’s card game

A

ppts pick from two card piles
pile 1 - often big yield, sometimes enormous losses
pile 2 - steady small yield, only moderate losses

22
Q

what does the emotional processing of somatic marker hypothesis entail

A

estimation of value

23
Q

what two brain areas are associated with estimation of value

A

orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala

24
Q

what happens to individuals with lesions in the orbitofrontal cortex

A

poor estimation of value - have a tendency to choose from pile 1 of the cards

25
Q

what allows for accommodation of both theories

A

high and low road to the amygdala

26
Q

what is the high road also known as

A

the cortical/slow road

27
Q

what is the low road often known as

A

the subcortical/fast road

28
Q

what does the slow road entail

A

high levels of processing information - most likely with conscious awareness

29
Q

what does the low road entail

A

fast processing of potential dangers/benefits - physical reactions triggered before an awareness of the emotion

30
Q

how are amygdala pathways related to emotion

A

amygdala processes inputs in relation to emotional value from cortical areas
amygdala processes in terms of emotional/value content

31
Q

what is the amygdala made up of

A

subnuclei
lateral nucleus, connected to basolateral and basomedial nuclei which are connected to the central nucleus

32
Q

what do outputs from the central nucleus do

A

trigger emotional responses

33
Q

how can we induce fear conditioning in a lab environment

A

paring a stimulus e.g. blue square with electric shock
results in changes in skin conductance automatically when presented stimulus

34
Q

what is the difference between implicit and explicit fear learning

A

explicit - ppt directly experiences aversive properties of stimulus
implicit - linked to fear by verbal instruction

35
Q

what is related to fear response in both explicit and implicit

A

the amygdala

36
Q

what happens when trying to fear condition individuals with amygdala lesions

A

understand the theoretical construction of fear but they do not exhibit the autonomous reactions of fear

37
Q

what are the hippocampus and amygdalas distinct roles

A

-hippocampus mediates learning by awareness
-amygdala mediates conditioned automatic responses

38
Q

how do the amygdala and hippocampus interact

A

activation of amygdala aids the retention of hippocampus dependent memories
emotional events are remembered better

39
Q

what may be an explanation for S.M’s deficits in emotional perception

A

-eye movements do not target the eyes of others
-when asked to focus on eyes, SM able to perform as well as controls

40
Q

what is an implicit attitude

A

Positive or negative thoughts, feelings, or actions towards
objects which arise due to past experiences which one is
either unaware of or which one cannot attribute to an identified
previous experience

41
Q

how are implicit attitudes related to explicit attitudes

A

correlate with amygdala activation, even in the absence of explicit attitudes

42
Q

what brain areas are related to both fear and anger

A

orbitofrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate context

42
Q

what brain areas are associated with sadness

A

amygdala, right temporal pole

43
Q

what brain areas are associated with disgust

A

anterior insula, anterior cingulate cortex

Cognitive neuroscience (9 decks)

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