Emotion

Question 1

what happened to patient SM

Answer 1

damage in bilateral amygdala area
resulted in interpreting emotions

Question 2

how was Patient’s SMs deficit found

Answer 2

asked to draw faces depicting emotions, unable to draw fear - drew picture of a baby

Question 3

how has the amygdala been found to be related to fear

Answer 3

lesions in monkeys cause loss of innate fear - become hyperoral, hypersexual and docile

Question 4

how do lesions in humans differ

Answer 4

effects emotional fear processing

Question 5

what is the modern biological view of emotional expressions

Answer 5

universality of emotional expressions
emotions have evolved as a means of social communication

Question 6

what are Ekman and Friesen’s basic emotions

Answer 6

happiness, sadness, anger, surprise, disgust and fear

Question 7

why are universal emotions critiqued?

Answer 7

ignores the social nature of facial expressions - deception and subtle expression

Question 8

what is the circumplex model

Answer 8

when emotions are rated on salience - activation and deactivation scale or pleasant and unpleasant scale

Question 9

what is the limbic system

Answer 9

developed in the 20th century
originally thought to be involved with emotional processing

Question 10

why is the limbic system not thought to be the basis of emotion

Answer 10

many areas linked to it perform functions different from emotional processing

Question 11

what does James Lange theory suggest

Answer 11

we first perceive physiological arousal that trigger experience of emotion

Question 12

what did Cannon-Bard do

Answer 12

removed all sympathetic visceral feedback in cats by midbrain sectioning

Question 13

what did Cannon-Bard find and what does it suggest

Answer 13

the cats still experienced emotion - argument against feedback from visceral system as a trigger for emotions

Question 14

explain how “Russel at the dentist” contradicts James Lange theory

Answer 14

-Russel given adrenaline as a way to reduce pain
-this causes change in heart rate, sweat and arousal - all traits of fear
-he did not experience any fear

Question 15

what is fear conditioning

Answer 15

pairing a neutral stimulus with an aversive stimulus

Question 16

how do we know fear conditioning has occurred

Answer 16

the neutral stimulus presented on its own results in fear responses

Question 17

what is extinction

Answer 17

the conditioned stimulus repeatedly presented without aversive stimulus - results in diminishment of fear response

Question 18

how are changes in emotions usually measured

Answer 18

skin conductance

Question 19

why is skin conductance used to measure emotion

Answer 19

emotional arousal (positive or negative) causes us to sweat more
this changes the electrical conductivity of the skin

Question 20

what is Domasio’s card game used to measure

Answer 20

somatic marker hypothesis

Question 21

explain Domasio’s card game

Answer 21

ppts pick from two card piles
pile 1 - often big yield, sometimes enormous losses
pile 2 - steady small yield, only moderate losses

Question 22

what does the emotional processing of somatic marker hypothesis entail

Answer 22

estimation of value

Question 23

what two brain areas are associated with estimation of value

Answer 23

orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala

Question 24

what happens to individuals with lesions in the orbitofrontal cortex

Answer 24

poor estimation of value - have a tendency to choose from pile 1 of the cards

Question 25

what allows for accommodation of both theories

Answer 25

high and low road to the amygdala

Question 26

what is the high road also known as

Answer 26

the cortical/slow road

Question 27

what is the low road often known as

Answer 27

the subcortical/fast road

Question 28

what does the slow road entail

Answer 28

high levels of processing information - most likely with conscious awareness

Question 29

what does the low road entail

Answer 29

fast processing of potential dangers/benefits - physical reactions triggered before an awareness of the emotion

Question 30

how are amygdala pathways related to emotion

Answer 30

amygdala processes inputs in relation to emotional value from cortical areas amygdala processes in terms of emotional/value content

Question 31

what is the amygdala made up of

Answer 31

subnuclei lateral nucleus, connected to basolateral and basomedial nuclei which are connected to the central nucleus

Question 32

what do outputs from the central nucleus do

Answer 32

trigger emotional responses

Question 33

how can we induce fear conditioning in a lab environment

Answer 33

paring a stimulus e.g. blue square with electric shock results in changes in skin conductance automatically when presented stimulus

Question 34

what is the difference between implicit and explicit fear learning

Answer 34

explicit - ppt directly experiences aversive properties of stimulus implicit - linked to fear by verbal instruction

Question 35

what is related to fear response in both explicit and implicit

Answer 35

the amygdala

Question 36

what happens when trying to fear condition individuals with amygdala lesions

Answer 36

understand the theoretical construction of fear but they do not exhibit the autonomous reactions of fear

Question 37

what are the hippocampus and amygdalas distinct roles

Answer 37

-hippocampus mediates learning by awareness -amygdala mediates conditioned automatic responses

Question 38

how do the amygdala and hippocampus interact

Answer 38

activation of amygdala aids the retention of hippocampus dependent memories emotional events are remembered better

Question 39

what may be an explanation for S.M's deficits in emotional perception

Answer 39

-eye movements do not target the eyes of others -when asked to focus on eyes, SM able to perform as well as controls

Question 40

what is an implicit attitude

Answer 40

Positive or negative thoughts, feelings, or actions towards objects which arise due to past experiences which one is either unaware of or which one cannot attribute to an identified previous experience

Question 41

how are implicit attitudes related to explicit attitudes

Answer 41

correlate with amygdala activation, even in the absence of explicit attitudes

Question 42

what brain areas are related to both fear and anger

Answer 42

orbitofrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate context

Question 42

what brain areas are associated with sadness

Answer 42

amygdala, right temporal pole

Question 43

what brain areas are associated with disgust

Answer 43

anterior insula, anterior cingulate cortex