Emotion Flashcards
what happened to patient SM
damage in bilateral amygdala area
resulted in interpreting emotions
how was Patient’s SMs deficit found
asked to draw faces depicting emotions, unable to draw fear - drew picture of a baby
how has the amygdala been found to be related to fear
lesions in monkeys cause loss of innate fear - become hyperoral, hypersexual and docile
how do lesions in humans differ
effects emotional fear processing
what is the modern biological view of emotional expressions
universality of emotional expressions
emotions have evolved as a means of social communication
what are Ekman and Friesen’s basic emotions
happiness, sadness, anger, surprise, disgust and fear
why are universal emotions critiqued?
ignores the social nature of facial expressions - deception and subtle expression
what is the circumplex model
when emotions are rated on salience - activation and deactivation scale or pleasant and unpleasant scale
what is the limbic system
developed in the 20th century
originally thought to be involved with emotional processing
why is the limbic system not thought to be the basis of emotion
many areas linked to it perform functions different from emotional processing
what does James Lange theory suggest
we first perceive physiological arousal that trigger experience of emotion
what did Cannon-Bard do
removed all sympathetic visceral feedback in cats by midbrain sectioning
what did Cannon-Bard find and what does it suggest
the cats still experienced emotion - argument against feedback from visceral system as a trigger for emotions
explain how “Russel at the dentist” contradicts James Lange theory
-Russel given adrenaline as a way to reduce pain
-this causes change in heart rate, sweat and arousal - all traits of fear
-he did not experience any fear
what is fear conditioning
pairing a neutral stimulus with an aversive stimulus
how do we know fear conditioning has occurred
the neutral stimulus presented on its own results in fear responses
what is extinction
the conditioned stimulus repeatedly presented without aversive stimulus - results in diminishment of fear response
how are changes in emotions usually measured
skin conductance
why is skin conductance used to measure emotion
emotional arousal (positive or negative) causes us to sweat more
this changes the electrical conductivity of the skin
what is Domasio’s card game used to measure
somatic marker hypothesis
explain Domasio’s card game
ppts pick from two card piles
pile 1 - often big yield, sometimes enormous losses
pile 2 - steady small yield, only moderate losses
what does the emotional processing of somatic marker hypothesis entail
estimation of value
what two brain areas are associated with estimation of value
orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala
what happens to individuals with lesions in the orbitofrontal cortex
poor estimation of value - have a tendency to choose from pile 1 of the cards
what allows for accommodation of both theories
high and low road to the amygdala
what is the high road also known as
the cortical/slow road
what is the low road often known as
the subcortical/fast road
what does the slow road entail
high levels of processing information - most likely with conscious awareness
what does the low road entail
fast processing of potential dangers/benefits - physical reactions triggered before an awareness of the emotion
how are amygdala pathways related to emotion
amygdala processes inputs in relation to emotional value from cortical areas
amygdala processes in terms of emotional/value content
what is the amygdala made up of
subnuclei
lateral nucleus, connected to basolateral and basomedial nuclei which are connected to the central nucleus
what do outputs from the central nucleus do
trigger emotional responses
how can we induce fear conditioning in a lab environment
paring a stimulus e.g. blue square with electric shock
results in changes in skin conductance automatically when presented stimulus
what is the difference between implicit and explicit fear learning
explicit - ppt directly experiences aversive properties of stimulus
implicit - linked to fear by verbal instruction
what is related to fear response in both explicit and implicit
the amygdala
what happens when trying to fear condition individuals with amygdala lesions
understand the theoretical construction of fear but they do not exhibit the autonomous reactions of fear
what are the hippocampus and amygdalas distinct roles
-hippocampus mediates learning by awareness
-amygdala mediates conditioned automatic responses
how do the amygdala and hippocampus interact
activation of amygdala aids the retention of hippocampus dependent memories
emotional events are remembered better
what may be an explanation for S.M’s deficits in emotional perception
-eye movements do not target the eyes of others
-when asked to focus on eyes, SM able to perform as well as controls
what is an implicit attitude
Positive or negative thoughts, feelings, or actions towards
objects which arise due to past experiences which one is
either unaware of or which one cannot attribute to an identified
previous experience
how are implicit attitudes related to explicit attitudes
correlate with amygdala activation, even in the absence of explicit attitudes
what brain areas are related to both fear and anger
orbitofrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate context
what brain areas are associated with sadness
amygdala, right temporal pole
what brain areas are associated with disgust
anterior insula, anterior cingulate cortex
