Memory Flashcards
Encoding
the process of transforming what we perceive, think, or feel into memory
Acoustic Processing
-middle level processing
-e.g. Does the word “cat” rhyme with “mat?”
Semantic Processing
-has to do with word meaning
-deep level processing
e.g. Is the word “daffodil” a type of plant?
Physical processing
-making a note of the physical structure of the word
-pertains to the physical properties
-shallow processing
-e.g. Is the word “TABLE” written in capital letters?
Mnemonics
strategies for remembering large amounts of information
Storage
information is held in a way that allows it to be retrieved later
Sensory memory
accurately holds perceptual information for a very brief amount of time
What are the two types of sensory memory?
- Iconic memory
- Echoic memory
Iconic Memory
visual memory that holds information for less than 1 second
Echoic Memory
auditory memory that holds information for 3-4 seconds
Short Term Memory (stm)
the space used to hold information presently required
Capacity of STM
-7 +/- 2 chunks of information
-15-30 seconds
-rehearsal/repetition keeps info in stm longer
Working Memory
manipulation of information for whatever tasks you’re doing
*you are USING this information whereas short term memory is imply STORAGE
Digital Span Task
how many numbers you can hold in your memory
*phonological loop
corsi task
click on the screen to repeat the pattern that colors were displayed (like BopIt)
*visuospatial sketchpad
Long Term Memory (LTM)
memory that persists over time w/o conscious activation
Primacy Effect
better at remembering the first few words in the list (driven by long-term memory)
Recency Effect
better at remembering the words at the end of the list (driven by short-term memory)
2 Types of Long Term Memory
- Explicit Memory
- Implicit Memory
Explicit Memory
knowing “what”
-expressed verbally
e.g. knowing what you had for lunch
Implicit Memory
knowing “how”
-expressed behaviorally
e.g. how to tie your shoe
2 Types of Explicit Memory
- Episodic
- Semantic
Episodic Memory
time and place memories
-personal experience
Semantic Memory
facts and general knowledge that you don’t remember when you learned
Prospective Memory
you envision future events
3 Types of Implicit Memory
- Procedural
- Priming
- Conditioning
Case Study: Patient HM
-anterograde amnesia after hippocampus was removed
-CAN create new implicit memories but CAN’T create new explicit memories
-performance improved on a mirror tracing task even though he didn’t remember doing it before
Case Study: Patient KC
-retrograde and anterograde amnesia
-old semantic memories in tact but not episodic
Encoding Specificity Principle
memory is improved when info available at encoding is also available at retrieval
Proactive Interference
old learning gets in the way of new learning
e.g. having an old phone # makes it difficult to learn a new #
Retroactive Interference
new learning gets in the way of old
e.g. new # makes it difficult to recall childhood phone #
*retroactive is writing over old info
Blocking
failing to recall something, even though you know it
What did the Loftus et. al study show?
*recall video of car driving and the stop sign
-showed that misinformation can lead someone to remember something differently
-also showed that language can change how someone views an event (e.g. “smashed “ vs “contacted” the car)
What type of processing is best for memory?
Semantic processing
Phonological Loop
-the place in your working memory in which you rehearse auditory information
-repeating information to keep it in your working memory (e.g. repeating a phone number)
-other auditory information can interfere (e.g. someone talking in lecture)
Episodic Buffer
takes information from the phonological loop in the visuospatial sketchpad
*can go back and forth between the two
Visuospatial sketchpad
-picturing something in order to recall information
e.g. windows on your apartment building, double digit multiplication
*can work simultaneously with the phonological loop, evidence that this information is stored separately
Baddeley & Hitch Model
-a model for our working memory
Central Executive
allocates your attentional resources to the different places within working memory
Deese-Roediger-McDermott Paradigm
creates false memories in people by presenting them with a list of words that are similar - participants will often recall a word that was not on the list but is related in topic (this is the critical lure word)
According to the Atkinson & Shiffrin model what are the three memory
stores?
-Sensory memory (iconic and echoic)
-STM
-LTM
