Memory

Question 1

Encoding

Answer 1

the process of transforming what we perceive, think, or feel into memory

Question 2

Acoustic Processing

Answer 2

-middle level processing
-e.g. Does the word “cat” rhyme with “mat?”

Question 3

Semantic Processing

Answer 3

-has to do with word meaning
-deep level processing
e.g. Is the word “daffodil” a type of plant?

Question 4

Physical processing

Answer 4

-making a note of the physical structure of the word
-pertains to the physical properties
-shallow processing
-e.g. Is the word “TABLE” written in capital letters?

Question 5

Mnemonics

Answer 5

strategies for remembering large amounts of information

Question 6

Storage

Answer 6

information is held in a way that allows it to be retrieved later

Question 7

Sensory memory

Answer 7

accurately holds perceptual information for a very brief amount of time

Question 8

What are the two types of sensory memory?

Answer 8

1. Iconic memory
2. Echoic memory

Question 9

Iconic Memory

Answer 9

visual memory that holds information for less than 1 second

Question 10

Echoic Memory

Answer 10

auditory memory that holds information for 3-4 seconds

Question 11

Short Term Memory (stm)

Answer 11

the space used to hold information presently required

Question 12

Capacity of STM

Answer 12

-7 +/- 2 chunks of information
-15-30 seconds
-rehearsal/repetition keeps info in stm longer

Question 13

Working Memory

Answer 13

manipulation of information for whatever tasks you’re doing

*you are USING this information whereas short term memory is imply STORAGE

Question 14

Digital Span Task

Answer 14

how many numbers you can hold in your memory

*phonological loop

Question 15

corsi task

Answer 15

click on the screen to repeat the pattern that colors were displayed (like BopIt)

*visuospatial sketchpad

Question 16

Long Term Memory (LTM)

Answer 16

memory that persists over time w/o conscious activation

Question 17

Primacy Effect

Answer 17

better at remembering the first few words in the list (driven by long-term memory)

Question 18

Recency Effect

Answer 18

better at remembering the words at the end of the list (driven by short-term memory)

Question 19

2 Types of Long Term Memory

Answer 19

1. Explicit Memory
2. Implicit Memory

Question 20

Explicit Memory

Answer 20

knowing “what”
-expressed verbally
e.g. knowing what you had for lunch

Question 21

Implicit Memory

Answer 21

knowing “how”
-expressed behaviorally
e.g. how to tie your shoe

Question 22

2 Types of Explicit Memory

Answer 22

1. Episodic
2. Semantic

Question 23

Episodic Memory

Answer 23

time and place memories
-personal experience

Question 24

Semantic Memory

Answer 24

facts and general knowledge that you don’t remember when you learned

Question 25

Prospective Memory

Answer 25

you envision future events

Question 26

3 Types of Implicit Memory

Answer 26

1. Procedural
2. Priming
3. Conditioning

Question 27

Case Study: Patient HM

Answer 27

-anterograde amnesia after hippocampus was removed
-CAN create new implicit memories but CAN’T create new explicit memories
-performance improved on a mirror tracing task even though he didn’t remember doing it before

Question 28

Case Study: Patient KC

Answer 28

-retrograde and anterograde amnesia
-old semantic memories in tact but not episodic

Question 29

Encoding Specificity Principle

Answer 29

memory is improved when info available at encoding is also available at retrieval

Question 30

Proactive Interference

Answer 30

old learning gets in the way of new learning
e.g. having an old phone # makes it difficult to learn a new #

Question 31

Retroactive Interference

Answer 31

new learning gets in the way of old
e.g. new # makes it difficult to recall childhood phone #

*retroactive is writing over old info

Question 32

Blocking

Answer 32

failing to recall something, even though you know it

Question 33

What did the Loftus et. al study show?

Answer 33

*recall video of car driving and the stop sign

-showed that misinformation can lead someone to remember something differently
-also showed that language can change how someone views an event (e.g. “smashed “ vs “contacted” the car)

Question 34

What type of processing is best for memory?

Answer 34

Semantic processing

Question 35

Phonological Loop

Answer 35

-the place in your working memory in which you rehearse auditory information
-repeating information to keep it in your working memory (e.g. repeating a phone number)
-other auditory information can interfere (e.g. someone talking in lecture)

Question 36

Episodic Buffer

Answer 36

takes information from the phonological loop in the visuospatial sketchpad

*can go back and forth between the two

Question 37

Visuospatial sketchpad

Answer 37

-picturing something in order to recall information
e.g. windows on your apartment building, double digit multiplication

*can work simultaneously with the phonological loop, evidence that this information is stored separately

Question 38

Baddeley & Hitch Model

Answer 38

-a model for our working memory

Question 39

Central Executive

Answer 39

allocates your attentional resources to the different places within working memory

Question 40

Deese-Roediger-McDermott Paradigm

Answer 40

creates false memories in people by presenting them with a list of words that are similar - participants will often recall a word that was not on the list but is related in topic (this is the critical lure word)

Question 41

According to the Atkinson & Shiffrin model what are the three memory
stores?

Answer 41

-Sensory memory (iconic and echoic)
-STM
-LTM