Learning

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

any experience that results in a relatively permanent change in the state of the learner

Question 2

2 Types of Learning

Answer 2

Classical conditioning and operant conditioning

Question 3

Who was the first to study classical conditioning?

Answer 3

Ivan Pavlov in 1906
*salivation of dogs with the sound of a bell

Question 4

Neutral stimulus

Answer 4

does not produce a response prior to being trained
*e.g. the bell

Question 5

Unconditioned stimulus

Answer 5

a stimulus that does not need to be trained in order to produce a response
*e.g. dog food

Question 6

Conditioned stimulus

Answer 6

formerly the neutral stimulus, trained to produce a response

Question 7

Unconditioned response

Answer 7

a biological response that occurs without conditioning
*e.g. salivation

Question 8

Conditioned response

Answer 8

a trained response in reaction to the conditioned stimulus

Question 9

Extinction phase

Answer 9

over time the strength of the conditioned response decreases if the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus
*e.g. if the bell is presented to a dog without food

Question 10

Acquisition phase

Answer 10

when the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus are paired
*e.g. the bell with the dog food

Question 11

Generalization

Answer 11

once a response had been conditioned, similar stimuli can elicit the same response
*e.g. different bell tones still produce salivation

Question 12

Discrimination

Answer 12

ability to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli

Question 13

What did John B. Watson, the father of behaviorism, believe?

Answer 13

Based on the Little Albert experiment, he believed it’s possible for a complex reaction such as fear to be conditioned using Pavlovian techniques

Question 14

How does preparedness affect classical conditioning?

Answer 14

An organism’s evolutionary history can make it easier to learn particular associations

Question 15

How might familiarity/expectations effect classical conditioning

Answer 15

You’re more likely to develop a taste aversion for the most novel food you ate

Question 16

Operant Conditioning

Answer 16

individual’s behaviors is modified by its consequences

Question 17

*Who was the first to coin the term operant conditioning?

Answer 17

B.F. Skinner

Question 18

Thorndike’s law of Effect

Answer 18

-behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely
-behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences became less likely

Question 19

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 19

adding a favorable consequence to increase a behavior
*e.g getting a behavior for eating cookies

Question 20

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 20

removing an unfavorable consequence to increase a behavior
*e.g. lowering insurance rates for safe driving

Question 21

Positive Punishment

Answer 21

adding an unfavorable consequence to decrease a behavior
*e.g. ticket for speeding

Question 22

Negative Punishment

Answer 22

removing a favorable consequence to decrease a behavior
*e.g. no video games for being rude

Question 23

Shaping

Answer 23

rewarding successive approximations of the target
*e.g. rewarding a dog when they’re closer to the back wall when trying to teach them to jump in front of the wall

Question 24

Fixed Ratio

Answer 24

reward after a certain number of behaviors

Question 25

Variable Ratio

Answer 25

reward after an average number of behaviors

Question 26

Fixed Interval

Answer 26

reward after a certain amount of time

Question 27

Variable Interval

Answer 27

reward after an average amount of time

Question 28

Which type of reinforcement schedule is most resistant to extinction?

Answer 28

Those with partial/intermittent reinforcement
*variable ratio