Memory

Question 1

what are the 3 main tipes to encode info

Answer 1

1. encoding
   memories are not static, they’re constructed with new info and old info

3 main ways to encode info
a) semantic encoding
- meaning and words
b) visual encoding
c) acoustic encoding

Question 2

Explain the different types of memory storages

Answer 2

2. storage
   - process of maintaining info in memory over time
   - Sensory memory
   a) iconic, visual
   b) echoic, audio
   c) hepatic, touch

• Short-term memory
  Limited in terms of how long it can hold info, reinforced by rehearsal.

Working memory, stm
- multicomponent
- active maintenance of info

Long-term
- can retain info for decades
2 forms of LTM
1. declarative/explicit
- things you know you can tell others
a) episodic: remembering memories
b) semantic: knowing factual info

2. nondeclarative/procedural
   - things you know that you can show by doing
   a) skill learning: knowing how to perform a skill
   b) priming: being more likely to use a word you heard recently
   c) conditioning: salivating when seeing food

Question 3

What are retrieval cues and their subtypes

Answer 3

3. retrieval
   - retrieval cues
   help us re-create the way in which the info was encoded

2 types of retrieval cues
1. external
- context dependent
2. internal
- state dependent

Question 4

Explain the Atkinson and Shiffrin memory model

Answer 4

sensory input –> sensory memory (unattended info is lost) –attention–> short-term memory (maintenance rehearsal, unrehearsed info is lost) –encoding–> long-term memory (some info may be lost over time, retrieval takes the memory from LTM to STM)

Question 5

Explain the working memory model proposed by Alan Baddeley

Answer 5

Central executive
- responsible for attention switching from task to task, decision maker
- memory retrieval from LTM

a) visuospatial sketchpad
- process visual and spatial info

b) phonological loop
- process auditory info

c) episodic buffer
- bridge between the central executive and LTM bcz central doesn’t have storage capacity

Question 6

what does HM’s case tells us about memory?

Answer 6

• showed that STM and LTM are different
• hippocampus is important for forming new memories not storing it
• Amnesia
  retrograde: can’t remember things in the past
  anterior: can’t make new memories

Question 7

what are the 7 sins of memory

Answer 7

1. memory decay
2. retrieval failure
3. encoding failure
4. persistence
5. misattribution
6. bias
7. suggestibility
   - developing false memories for smth that didn’t happen

Question 8

define neuroplasticity

Answer 8

brain’s ability to rewire itself due to experience, learning, damage, etc

Question 9

define long-term potentiation

Answer 9

process where communication between neurons strengthens the connection

Question 10

how does the aplysia/memory star offer a solution to a problem in neuroscience

Answer 10

the aplysia’s brain can used as a model for study because of
- its large neurons and simple nervous system
- clear and observable gill and syphon-withdrawal reflex
- the reflex gets modified as the aplysia learns about its environment