Learning Flashcards
what are the 2 broad category of learning
- non-associative learning
- does not require learning about a relationship
- habituation
repeated exposure to stimulus decreases the level of response over time
- sensitization
presentation of a stimulus leads to an increased response over time - associative learning
- involves learning about the relationship between 2 separate stimuli
- 2 types of associative learning
a) classical conditioning
b) operant conditioning
what is classical conditioning and its important terms and definitions
Started with Ivan Pavlov and his experiment with his dogs
Important terms:
- Unconditioned (not learned)
unconditioned stimulus: food
unconditioned response: salivation
- Conditioned (learned)
conditioned stimulus: bell
conditioned response: salivation
- neutral stimulus has to not produce any response
- Classical conditioning requires learning about the relationship between the CS and the US, hence it’s associative learning
- extinction
gradual weakening of a learned response due to presenting the CS without the US - spontaneous recovery
tendency of learned behaviour (CR) to recover from extinction after a rest period, CS is still presented alone
Explain generalization and discrimination
generalization is when an organism demonstrates CS to a similar stimuli different from the CS
discrimination is the capacity to distinguish and respond differently to stimuli that are similar but distinct stimuli
which SOT does classical conditioning has its roots in
behaviourism
what is the rescorla-wagner model
- CS+US is surprising at first but then becomes expected
- quantifies probability of learning about CS-US association
what is second order conditioning
- it builds upon first order conditioning
- introduction of a new CS, attempt at replacing the new CS with the already established CS
- rare because CS presented without original US so it leads to extinction
what is operant conditioning and explain the types of contingency, reinforcement and punishment
- form of learning that uses rewards and punishment to modify beheviour’s likelihood
- B F Skinner, father of operant conditioning
- Consequences reinforce or decrease/punish the likelihood of the behaviour
Important terms:
- Positive contingency
consequence involve the occurrence of smth
- Negative contingency
consequence involve the removal of something
- Positive reinforcement
behaviour causes pleasant stimulus to occur
- Positive punishment
behavior causes unpleasant stimulus to occur
- Negative reinforcement
behaviour causes unpleasant stimulus to be removed
- Negative punishment
behaviour causes pleasant stimulus to be removed
who is Edwards Thomdike and how did he influence Skinner’s later work
Thomdike was the first person to study how behaviors change due to consequences
- instrumental behavior
behavior that is required to reach a goal
- law of effect
behaviors followed by satisfying events tend to be repeated and vice versa
- Influenced by the law of effect, skinner created the Operant conditioning chamber to study operant behavior where he would be able to manipulate the schedule of reinforcement
what are the types of reinforcers
- primary reinforcer
tied to natural needs and instincts - secondary reinforcer
learned association
what is a schedule of reinforcement and their different categories and types
- it’s how and when a response is reinforced
- important because there are various types of reinforcements
- Continuous reinforcement
best way to teach a new behavior, but frequency tends to decrease over time - intermittent reinforcement
harder to teach and harder to extinct - Types of reinforcement schedules
interval = time
ratio = number of time
1. fixed interval
2. variable interval
3, fixed ratio
4. variable ratio - Post reinforcement pause
pause between previous reinforcement and next response (break after getting reward)
What is ABA
- Applied Behavior Analysis help kids with autism using positive reinforcement to build good patterns of behavior that will help them later in life
- Shaping
instead of only rewarding target behavior, shaping rewards successive approximations of a target behavior. When new approximate behavior is closer to desired behavior, stop rewarding previous approx behavior.
what are mirror neurons
- motor cortex neurons that fire both when watching an action being performed and performing that action
- may be involved in observational learning and imitation
define vicarious punishment and reinforcement
- vicarious punishment
an observer is less likely to imitate a model’s behavior when it sees the model being punished for said behavior - vicarious reinforcement
observer is more likely to imitate a model’s behavior if it sees the model being rewarded for said behavior
what is radical behaviorism
form of behaviorism developed by B. F. Skinner that suggested that even higher mental functions are nothing more than stimulus-outcome
associations
