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atar psych unit 3+4 24 > memory > Flashcards

memory Flashcards

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1
Q

define retrieval

A

the movement of information from the long term store to conscious awareness

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2
Q

define storage

A

the retention of of information within the stores of memory

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3
Q

define encoding

A

the form in which info is stored

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4
Q

what are the features of the multi-store model of memory (Atkinson and shiffrin)

A

sensory input
sensory register
attention
short term store
Maintenance rehearsal
encoding
long term store
retrieval

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5
Q

what happens in multi store when information is not attended to in sensory input

A

decay

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6
Q

what happens in STS when information is not rehearsed

A

decay

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7
Q

what happens in the LTS after a long period of time

A

decay

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8
Q

define decay

A

the fading of memory over time

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9
Q

define capacity

A

the max amount of info that can stored at at a given time

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10
Q

define duraation

A

the length of time info can be stored for

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11
Q

define sensory register

A

the memory store where sensory information is briefly held before decaying or transferring to the STS

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12
Q

define short term store

A

a temporary memory store for limited information received from the sensory register and long term store

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13
Q

define long term store

A

a relatively permanent memory store for a limitless amount of information that sends and receives information from the short term store

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14
Q

what is the encoding, capacity and duration of the LTS

A

encoding: semantic
capacity: unlimited
duration: relatively permanent

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15
Q

what is the encoding, capacity and duration of the STS

A

encoding: mostly acoustic
capacity: 5-9 pieces on information
duration: 15-30 seconds

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16
Q

what is the encoding, capacity and duration of the sensory memory

A

encoding: as a sense
capacity: unlimited
duration: 3-4 seconds

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17
Q

what are the types of forgetting

A

decay: the theory that suggests memories fade over time

proactive interference: previously stored information interferes with retrieval of new information

retroactive interference: new information interferes with previously stored information.

motivated forgetting: the intentional or unintentional suppression of memories or thoughts from conscious awareness to minimise emotional distress

retrieval failure: the inability to consciously recall information stored in the long term stored due to absence of retrieval cues that could trigger retrieval.

18
Q

what are the types of sensory memory

A

iconic, echoic, haptic, olfactory and gustatory

19
Q

types of memory

A

procedural: a type of LTM for skills or actions that are difficult to explain in words.

declarative: a type of LTM for factual information that can be expressed in words consisting of semantic and episodic memory.

episodic: a type of declarative memory for personally significant events.

semantic: a type of declarative memory fro impersonal factual knowledge

20
Q

Working memory model

A

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Ffigure%2FBaddeley-s-working-memory-model-Baddeley-2000-C-Elsevier-Reproduced-from-Baddeley_fig1_273156104&psig=AOvVaw3Rhm_umDKsx3IMS-LaxxM-&ust=1727743960404000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBQQjRxqFwoTCPCdp5a66YgDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAE

21
Q

multi-store model of memory

A

https://www.google.com/imgres?q=multistorememory%20model&imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fthinkib.net%2Fmedia%2Fib%2Fpsychology%2Fimages%2FMulti-Store-Model%2520.jpg&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fthinkib.net%2Fpsychology%2Fpage%2F22793%2Fmulti-store-model&docid=HfnrakeXhuk27M&tbnid=6qqvYZQ06Ug5tM&vet=12ahUKEwix4ajtuumIAxXtzTgGHVzZJVUQM3oECEgQAA..i&w=640&h=183&hcb=2&ved=2ahUKEwix4ajtuumIAxXtzTgGHVzZJVUQM3oECEgQAA

22
Q

what role does the hippocampus play in the formation of memory

A

plays a major role in there formation of declarative memories

23
Q

what role does the hippocampus play in the storage of memory

A

memories are temporarily held in the hippocampus then moved to the prefrontal cortex

24
Q

what relationship does amygdala and memory formation have

A

has a significant role in the formation of memories associated with fear and fearful memories can be established with few repetitions.

25
Q

amygdala role in storage of memories

A

doesn’t store memories but can strengthen episodic memories stored in other regions.

26
Q

cerebellum role in formation of memory

A

forms procedural memories

27
Q

cerebellum role in storage of memories

A

is involved in the storage of procedural memories, specifically learned sensorimotor skills.

28
Q

what happened with HM

A
  • A portion of his brain was removed including his amygdala and majority of his hippocampus reducing the severity of his seizures.
  • He experienced partial retrograde amnesia for the 11 years prior to the surgery.
  • he struggled to transfer info from STM to LTM
  • he was able to improve on 2 of the tests used to assess LTM (incomplete pictures test and mirror drawing). He had no memory of doing the tests daily but improved leading to understanding that LTM is made of procedural and declarative.
  • he created procedural memories unconsciously
  • his inability to form declarative after hippocampus removal led to understanding the hippocampus is responsible for declarative memory production.
  • he experienced difficulty creating new LTM memories (anterograde amnesia)
29
Q

What are types of recalling

A

free recall: the retrieval of as much information as possible about a specific topic in any order
serial recall: the retrieval of information in a set order
cued recall: provided retrieval cues help with retrieval of memory

30
Q

what is relearning and recognition

A

relearning: requiring knowledge or skills that were previously learnt but may have began decaying.

recognition: the ability to identify previously stored information by matching stimuli to stored memories.

31
Q

levels of processing - craik and Lockhart (1972)

A

shallow processing: shallow processing encodes physical information based on appearance, this is called structural encoding. Auditory information known as phonemic encoding is also apart of shallow processing.

maintenance rehearsal is used in shallow processing to hold information in the STM for longer than the usual 15-30 seconds

information processed in this way typically results in memories that are short term and difficult to recall

deep processing: elaborative rehearsal of information allows for deep processing due to semantic encoding. semantic encoding is the encoding of information by attaching meaning to the information and/or linking the information to knowledge currently in the LTM.

deep processing allows for better recalling compared to shallow processing.

32
Q

depths of processing - craik and tulving 1975
- aim
- method
- procedure

A

aim: to determine the impact that levels of processing have on the recall of memory

method
participants: 68 male and female students from the university of Toronto. Convenience sampling was usedas both craik and tulvig were based at the university of Toronto.

materials: list of 60 words, a set of 3 questions and a list of 180 words including original 60.

procedure: participants were told they were testing perception. The participants were randomly allocated into 1 of 3 conditions: structural, phonemic or semantic encoding. All participants were presented with a list of 60 words and required to answer 1 question for each word.

participants in structural encoding were asked ‘is the word in capitals or Lowe case?’. Phonemic encoding was asked ‘does this word rhyme with…?’. semantic encoding was asked ‘does this word go in this sentence?’ .

a list of 180 words was given to each participant and they were required to indicate which words were part of the original 60.

33
Q

key finding, contributions, limitations and strengths of craik and tulvig 1975

A

key findings: participants in the semantic encoding condition recalled more words than those in the phonemic or structural encoding condition.

Words that were semantically encoded via elaborative rehearsal and deep processing had higher recall accuracy. Words that were structurally and phonemically encoded underwent shallow processing resulting in less accurate recall.

contributions: the empirical evidence provided as a result of the study allowed for other researchers to run similar experiments. This allowed for reliability to be assessed and the demonstration of high reliability.

criticisms: participants were deceived as the researchers claimed that they were assessing perception. No specific information on the debriefing process was found, therefor it’s unknown if the participants were told they were deceived.

It is unclear If it is the depth of processing that improves retrieval of information from LTM or if it is the fact greater effort is used during encoding.

34
Q

types of rehearsal

A

maintenance: a rehearsal technique where the repetition of information allows it to be held in the STM for a longer period of time.
elaborative: rehearsal technique allowing information to be encoded into the LTM by attaching meaning to it.

35
Q

forgetting curve

A
  • Ebbinghaus recorded the number of trials it took him to memorise a list of nonsense syllables then he attempted to recall the list at varying intervals to determine what would be forgotten over time.
  • He graphed the memory retention over time and noted rapid forgetting over the first day first day leading to more gradual loss in the days following.
36
Q

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)

A

A progressive brain disease associated with repeated brain injuries that causes problems with cognition and memory. Build up of tau is associated.

37
Q

how CTE impacts memory

A
  • impulsive behaviour
  • confusion
  • slurred speech
  • erratic or aggressive behaviour
  • agitation
  • apathy
38
Q

how CTE impacts emotion

A
  • emotional instability in form of intense mood swings
  • outbursts of anger
  • depression
  • apathy
39
Q

alzheimers

A
  • a brain disease that involves the degeneration of neurons in regions of the brain involved in cognitive skills and memory formation and retrieval. Key features include neurofibrillary tangles, amyloid plaques and neuron loss.
  • neurofibrillary tangles are abnormal accumulation of tau protein within neurons.
  • amyloid plaques are accumulations of scar tissue formed by deteriorating neurons and clusters of beta-amyloid protein.
40
Q

korsakoffs

A
  • lack of thiamine (vitamin B1) resulting in degeneration of brain cells characterised by difficulty forming new memories and retrieving stored memories.
  • The thalamus, hypothalamus and mammillary bodies degenerate the most.
  • The intestines absorb thiamine and chronic drug use results in lack of thiamine absorption.
  • 2 stages: Wernicke encephalopathy and Korsakoff amnesic syndrome.
  • Wernike encephalopathy is reversible.
41
Q

How does Wernike Korsakoff’s affect behaviour

A
  • confabulation: individuals make up stories to fill memory gaps
  • apathy
  • agitation
  • repeating stories
  • involuntary rapid eye movement and receptive eye movements
  • slurred speech
42
Q

How does Wernike Korsakoff’s affect behaviour

A
  • apathy
  • memory deficits leading to frustration
  • anxiety

atar psych unit 3+4 24 (6 decks)

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