memory Flashcards

Question

amygdala role in storage of memories

Answer 1

doesn't store memories but can strengthen episodic memories stored in other regions.

Answer 2

forms procedural memories

Answer 3

is involved in the storage of procedural memories, specifically learned sensorimotor skills.

Answer 4

- A portion of his brain was removed including his amygdala and majority of his hippocampus reducing the severity of his seizures. - He experienced partial retrograde amnesia for the 11 years prior to the surgery. - he struggled to transfer info from STM to LTM - he was able to improve on 2 of the tests used to assess LTM (incomplete pictures test and mirror drawing). He had no memory of doing the tests daily but improved leading to understanding that LTM is made of procedural and declarative. - he created procedural memories unconsciously - his inability to form declarative after hippocampus removal led to understanding the hippocampus is responsible for declarative memory production. - he experienced difficulty creating new LTM memories (anterograde amnesia)

Answer 5

free recall: the retrieval of as much information as possible about a specific topic in any order serial recall: the retrieval of information in a set order cued recall: provided retrieval cues help with retrieval of memory

Answer 6

relearning: requiring knowledge or skills that were previously learnt but may have began decaying. recognition: the ability to identify previously stored information by matching stimuli to stored memories.

Answer 7

shallow processing: shallow processing encodes physical information based on appearance, this is called structural encoding. Auditory information known as phonemic encoding is also apart of shallow processing. maintenance rehearsal is used in shallow processing to hold information in the STM for longer than the usual 15-30 seconds information processed in this way typically results in memories that are short term and difficult to recall deep processing: elaborative rehearsal of information allows for deep processing due to semantic encoding. semantic encoding is the encoding of information by attaching meaning to the information and/or linking the information to knowledge currently in the LTM. deep processing allows for better recalling compared to shallow processing.

Answer 8

aim: to determine the impact that levels of processing have on the recall of memory method participants: 68 male and female students from the university of Toronto. Convenience sampling was used as both craik and tulvig were based at the university of Toronto. materials: list of 60 words, a set of 3 questions and a list of 180 words including original 60. procedure: participants were told they were testing perception. The participants were randomly allocated into 1 of 3 conditions: structural, phonemic or semantic encoding. All participants were presented with a list of 60 words and required to answer 1 question for each word. participants in structural encoding were asked 'is the word in capitals or Lowe case?'. Phonemic encoding was asked 'does this word rhyme with...?'. semantic encoding was asked 'does this word go in this sentence?' . a list of 180 words was given to each participant and they were required to indicate which words were part of the original 60.

Answer 9

key findings: participants in the semantic encoding condition recalled more words than those in the phonemic or structural encoding condition. Words that were semantically encoded via elaborative rehearsal and deep processing had higher recall accuracy. Words that were structurally and phonemically encoded underwent shallow processing resulting in less accurate recall. contributions: the empirical evidence provided as a result of the study allowed for other researchers to run similar experiments. This allowed for reliability to be assessed and the demonstration of high reliability. criticisms: participants were deceived as the researchers claimed that they were assessing perception. No specific information on the debriefing process was found, therefor it's unknown if the participants were told they were deceived. It is unclear If it is the depth of processing that improves retrieval of information from LTM or if it is the fact greater effort is used during encoding.

Answer 10

maintenance: a rehearsal technique where the repetition of information allows it to be held in the STM for a longer period of time. elaborative: rehearsal technique allowing information to be encoded into the LTM by attaching meaning to it.

Answer 11

- Ebbinghaus recorded the number of trials it took him to memorise a list of nonsense syllables then he attempted to recall the list at varying intervals to determine what would be forgotten over time. - He graphed the memory retention over time and noted rapid forgetting over the first day first day leading to more gradual loss in the days following.

Answer 12

A progressive brain disease associated with repeated brain injuries that causes problems with cognition and memory. Build up of tau is associated.

Answer 13

- impulsive behaviour - confusion - slurred speech - erratic or aggressive behaviour - agitation - apathy

Answer 14

- emotional instability in form of intense mood swings - outbursts of anger - depression - apathy

Answer 15

- a brain disease that involves the degeneration of neurons in regions of the brain involved in cognitive skills and memory formation and retrieval. Key features include neurofibrillary tangles, amyloid plaques and neuron loss. - neurofibrillary tangles are abnormal accumulation of tau protein within neurons. - amyloid plaques are accumulations of scar tissue formed by deteriorating neurons and clusters of beta-amyloid protein.

Answer 16

- lack of thiamine (vitamin B1) resulting in degeneration of brain cells characterised by difficulty forming new memories and retrieving stored memories. - The thalamus, hypothalamus and mammillary bodies degenerate the most. - The intestines absorb thiamine and chronic drug use results in lack of thiamine absorption. - 2 stages: Wernicke encephalopathy and Korsakoff amnesic syndrome. - Wernike encephalopathy is reversible.

Answer 17

- confabulation: individuals make up stories to fill memory gaps - apathy - agitation - repeating stories - involuntary rapid eye movement and receptive eye movements - slurred speech

Answer 18

- apathy - memory deficits leading to frustration - anxiety