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COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY > MEMORY > Flashcards

MEMORY Flashcards

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1
Q

transforming information into a form that can be entered and retained in the memory system

A

Encoding

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2
Q

retaining information in memory so that it can be used at a later time

A

Storage

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3
Q

recovering information stored in memory so that we are consciously aware of it

A

Retrieval

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4
Q

3 stages of memory

A
  • sensory memory
  • working or short term memory
  • long term memory
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5
Q

Sensory Memory function

A

process for basic physical characteristics

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6
Q

Sensory memory capacity

A

large
can hold many items at once

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7
Q

Sensory Memory Duration

A

very brief retention of images

.3 sec for visual info

2 sec for auditory info

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8
Q

Sensory Memory Two types

A

Divided into two types:
iconic memory
echoic memory

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9
Q

visual information

A

iconic memory

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10
Q

auditory information
Attention is needed to transfer information to working memory

A

echoic memory

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11
Q

brief memory of an image or icon. Also called iconic memory.

A

Visual sensory memory

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12
Q

brief memory of a sound or echo. Also called echoic memory.

A

Auditory sensory memory

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13
Q

________ may last a bit longer than visual sensory memories

A

Auditory sensory memories

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14
Q

conscious processing of information
where information is actively worked on

A

Short-term memory function

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15
Q

Short term memory Capacity

A

limited (holds 7+/-2 items)

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16
Q

Short term duration

A

Duration—brief storage (about 30 seconds)

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17
Q

Mental or verbal repetition of information allows information to remain in working memory longer than the usual 30 seconds

A

Maintenance rehearsal

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18
Q

Grouping small bits of information into larger units of information

A

Chunking

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19
Q

Once information passes from sensory to working memory, it can be encoded into ___

A

long-term memory

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20
Q

organizes and stores information
more passive form of storage than working memory

A

Long term memory function

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21
Q

Long term memory capacity

A

Unlimited capacity

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22
Q

Long term memory duration

A

thought by some to be permanent

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23
Q

—process that controls movement from working to long-term memory store

A

Encoding

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24
Q

—process that controls flow of information from long-term to working memory store

A

Retrieval

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25
Q

Unconscious encoding of information

A

Automatic processing

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26
Q

Requires attention and conscious effort

A

Effortful processing

27
Q

Types of long term memory

A

Explicit Memory
Implicit memory

28
Q

—memory with awareness; information can be consciously recollected; also called declarative memory

A

Explicit memory

29
Q

memory without awareness; memory that affects behavior but cannot consciously be recalled; also called nondeclarative memory

A

Implicit memory

30
Q

Two subtypes of explicit memory

A

Episodic memory
Semantic Information

31
Q

information about events or “episodes”

A

Episodic information

32
Q

—information about facts, general knowledge, school work

A

Semantic information

33
Q

Memory tied to your own personal experiences

A

Episodic memory

34
Q

Memory not tied to personal events
General facts and definitions about
the world

A

Semantic memory

35
Q

Influences your thoughts or behavior, but does not enter consciousness

A

Implicit memory

36
Q

Memory that enables you to perform specific learned skills or habitual responses

A

Procedural Memory

37
Q

organizing items into related groups during recall from long-term memory

A

Clustering

38
Q

test of LTM that involves retrieving memories without cues, also termed free recall

A

Recall

39
Q

test of LTM that involves remembering an item of information in response to a retrieval cue

A

Cued recall

40
Q

test of LTM that involves identifying correct information from a series of possible choices

A

Recognition

41
Q

tendency to remember items at the beginning and end of a list better than items in the middle

A

Serial position effect

42
Q

environmental cues to recall

A

Context effects

43
Q

physical, internal factors

A

State dependent retrieval

44
Q

factors related to mood or emotions

A

Mood Congruence

45
Q
  • Recall of very specific images or details about a vivid, rare, or significant event
  • May seem very vivid and specific, but they are not more accurate than ordinary memories
A

Flashbulb Memory

46
Q

Memory can be distorted as people try
to fit new info into existing _____

A

schemas

47
Q

Forgetting Theories

A

Encoding failure
Interference theories
Motivated forgetting
Decay

48
Q
  • Forgetting NOT caused by mere passage of time
  • Caused by one memory competing with or replacing another memory
A

Interfering Theory

49
Q

Two types of interference

A

Retroactive interference
Proactive Interference

50
Q

When a NEW memory interferes with remembering OLD information

A

Retroactive Interference

51
Q

When an OLD memory interferes with remembering NEW information

A

Proactive Interference

52
Q

Undesired memory is held back form awareness

A

Motivated Forgetting

53
Q

—conscious forgetting

A

Suppression

54
Q

—unconscious forgetting (Freudian)

A

Repression

55
Q

Ability to retrieve info declines with time after original encoding

A

Decay theories

56
Q

Memories fade away or decay gradually if ___

A

unused

57
Q

When new memory formed, it creates a ____

A

Memory trace

58
Q

a change in brain structure or chemistry

A

memory trace

59
Q

Karl Lashley searched for a localized memory trace or ___

A

engram

60
Q

______ found that memory for simple classically conditioned responses was localized (in the ______)

A

Richard Thompson

cerebellum

61
Q

—severe memory loss

A

Amnesia

62
Q

inability to remember past episodic information; common after head injury; need for consolidation

A

Retrograde amnesia

63
Q

—inability to form new memories; related to hippocampus damage

A

Anterograde amnesia

64
Q

People suffering from amnesia typically cannot recall their own name or identity. ____ of the respondents agreed; all 16 experts disagreed.

A

83%

COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY (8 decks)

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