GESTALT APPROACH Flashcards
Is grouping objects that are close together as being part of same group
Proximity
happens when objects in similar appreace are perceived as being part of the same group.
Similarity
happens when objects that form a continuous form are perceived as the same group
Continuity
happens when we fill gaps in if we can recognize it.
Closure
It believes that we cannot fully understand behavior when we only break phenomena down into smaller parts.
Gestalt Psychology
states that we best understand psychological phenomena when we view them as organized, structure wholes.
Gestalt Psychology
is the identification and selection of solutions to the problem.
Problem solving
• It is goal-oriented and rational and requires a clear well-defined goal.
Directed Thinking
• These are meanders and plays a role in creativity and poorly-
defined problems.
Undirected Thinking
2 types of problem solving
- Directed Thinking
- Undirected Thinking
Different Kinds of Problems
- Well-defined problems
- Ill-defined problems
• The following are made clear: goal state, initial state, subgoals, and problem space.
Well-defined Problems
• The following are made clear: goal state, initial state, and subgoals. However, the problem space is often left unsaid.
Ill-defined Problems
APPROACHES IN GESTALT
- Reproductive Thinking
- Productive Thinking
• It is following a sequence known to produce a workable answer.
Reproductive Thinking
• This includes insight and creativity to come up with a new answer.
Productive Thinking
It is following a sequence known to produce a workable answer.
Reproductive Thinking
It is when an organism readily reproduces the response to the given problem from past experience.
Reproductive Thinking
Solving fixed problems, requires schemas, through which one
can get to the solution step by step.
Reproductive Thinking
This includes insight and creativity to come up with a new answer.
Productive Thinking
It requires something new and different to achieve the goal where prior learning is of little help.
Productive Thinking
The person has to restructure a problem to gain an insight.
Productive Thinking
• It is analysing the problem domain according to different dimensions, i.e., changing from one representation to another,
results in arriving at a new understanding of a problem.
Restructuring
• It is a sudden realization that the new restructured representation is related to the solution.
Insight
• It is an effect when habitual directions get in the way of finding new directions which is caused by previous experience or
familiarity which can make problem solving more difficult.
• It goes in functional fixedness and mental fixedness.
Fixation
Kinds of fixation
- Functional Fixedness
- Mental Fixedness
• It concerns the solution of object-use problems
Functional Fixedness
• It happens because of a mental set – a person’s tendency to
respond to a given task in a manner based on past experience.
Mental Fixedness
It concerns the solution of object-use problems.
• It states that when the usual way of using an object is
emphasized, it will be far more difficult for a person to use that object in a novel manner.
Functional Fixednes
- It happens because of a mental set – a person’s tendency to respond to a given task in a manner based on past experience.
Mental Fixedness
a quick shallow reading of the problem and/or
weak monitoring of their efforts made to come to a solution.
sloppiness
To find a solution to one problem - the so called target problem,
an analogous solution to another problem - the source problem, is presented.
Analogical Problem Solving
Problem Solving Methods
- Backwards Chaining
- Forwards Chaining
• It is working back from the end state until reaching the origin state. This is common for novice problem-solvers in the domain
(also used by experts)
Backwards Chaining
• Experts are much more likely to start from the origin point and move forward whenever the problem strikes them as readily solvable.
Forwards Chaining
