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Bio 302 > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is declarative memory?

A

facts and events, expressed by language, available to consciousness

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2
Q

what is nondeclarative memory?

A

procedural memory and classical conditioning, not available to consciousness

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3
Q

what does explicit memory require?

A

conscious effort

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4
Q

which type of memory is easy to form but easily forgotten?

A

explicit memory

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5
Q

implicit memory results from….

A

direct experience

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6
Q

which type of memory takes longer to form and has longer retention

A

implicit memory

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7
Q

T/F: different brain regions are involved in the same types/systems of memory

A

false

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8
Q

what 2 categories is declarative memory subdivided into?

A

episodic and semantic memory

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9
Q

what 2 categories is nondeclarative memory subdivided into?

A

non-associative learning and associative learning

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10
Q

what does episodic memory cover?

A

events

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11
Q

what does semantic memory cover?

A

facts

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12
Q

memory is classified based on ….

A

accessibility of stored information to conscious awareness

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13
Q

procedural memory includes..

A

skills, habits, and behaviours

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14
Q

declarative memory is classified based on…

A

length of memory storage

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15
Q

working memory is [long/short term]?

A

immediate/short term memory

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16
Q

can memories immediately become long term?

A

no, they all become short term but then some will turn into long term while others will be forgotten

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17
Q

define working memory

A

a cognitive system used to hold information “on-line” for comprehending, reasoning, problem solving.

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18
Q

give an example of working memory

A

searching for a lost item, avoiding locations already searched

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19
Q

what does it mean for memory to be “on-line”

A

is a short term memory that may not be needed in long term

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20
Q

working memory has [limited/unlimited] capacity, duration, and focus

A

limited

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21
Q

what part of the brain is associated with wroking memory

A

prefrontal cortex

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22
Q

what does the prefrontal cortex do in relation to working memory

A

retains information involved in working memory

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23
Q

what test can you use to test working memory?

A

wisconsin card sorting test

24
Q

damage in what area will cause people to perform poorly on the wisconsin card sorting test

A

PFC

25
Q

the DLPC utilizes what type of information

A

explicit

26
Q

the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex helps to maintain …

A

the “rule” in our working memory that motivates behavioral outcomes

27
Q

individuals with damage to the PFC will have difficulty doing what?

A

suppressing the dominant cues that may guide their behavior

28
Q

the orbital/medial prefrontal cortex utilizes what type of information?

A

implicit

29
Q

the OPFC controls things like…

A

planning for the future, processing emotions for decision making/reasoning/impulsivity, suppressing impulses that impact short-term without considering long-term effect

30
Q

phineas gage had damage to where?

A

orbital and medial frontal cortex

31
Q

short term memory holds…

A

limited information in a very accessible state temporarily

32
Q

short term memory only refers to _______, not manipulation of information.

A

storage

33
Q

long term memory is a

A

vast store of knowledge and a record of prior events

34
Q

long term memory comes from

A

short term memory

35
Q

describe the pathway of sensory information to long term memory

A

sensory information->short term memory->(consolidation) long term memory

36
Q

define amnesia

A

serious loss of memory and/or ability to learn

37
Q

give examples of causes for amnesia

A

concussion, chronic alcoholism, encephalitis, brain tumor, stroke, Alzheimer’s disease

38
Q

define retrograde amnesia

A

forget things you already know

39
Q

define anterograde amnesia

A

inability to form new memories

40
Q

patients with amnesia have brain damage where?

A

medial temporal lobe

41
Q

patients with amnesia perform well in what test? and perform impaired in what test?

A

nondeclarative, declarative

42
Q

Describe HM and his injury

A

had a bicycle accident at 9 and began to have seizures. Had surgery to remove parts of medial temporal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampal formation.

43
Q

what things 4 things did HM have post surgery

A

-intact long term memory
-intact short term and working memory
-couldn’t transfer short term to long term
-learned motor skills normally

44
Q

declarative memory is thought to be related to which part of the brain?

A

medial temporal lobe

45
Q

memory formation may involve strengthening connections between…

A

medial temporal lobe and neocortex

46
Q

what is habituation

A

learning to ignore a stimulus that lacks meaning

47
Q

what is sensitization

A

intensified response to all stimuli, even ones that previously revoked no reaction

48
Q

define classical conditioning

A

associating a stimulus that evokes a measurable response with a second stimulus that normally does not evoke a response

49
Q

define non associative learning

A

change in behavioral response that occurs over time in response to a single type of stimulus

50
Q

define associate learning

A

behavior is altered by the formation of associations between events

51
Q

non associative learning uses what

A

habituation and sensitization

52
Q

associative learning uses what

A

classical conditioning

53
Q

give an example of operant conditioning

A

skinner box

54
Q

describe the skinner box study

A

rats/pigeons learned to associate pulling a lever with receiving food

55
Q

what structures are related to procedural memory

A

striatum/basal ganglia, cerebellum

Bio 302 (5 decks)

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