LTP/LTD

Question 1

on an image of a dendritic spine, how can an EPSP be observed?

Answer 1

the spines will be larger than the ones prior to the HFS

Question 2

what is the main ion that drives postsynaptic growth of dendritic spines

Answer 2

Ca2+

Question 3

pharmacological blockage of Ca2+ blocks….

Answer 3

LTP induction

Question 4

increase in Ca2+ in postsynaptic neurons….

Answer 4

potentiates synaptic transmission

Question 5

the flood of Ca2+ ions drives __________ responses through inductions of activity of ________ and _________.

Answer 5

modulatory, PKC, CaMK2

Question 6

what do protein kinases modify

Answer 6

the functionality of target proteins via addition of a phosphate group

Question 7

PKC and CaMK2 enhance what

Answer 7

the effectiveness of AMPA receptors

Question 8

the enhances effectiveness of AMPA receptors by protein kinases leads to what

Answer 8

increased ionic conduction, meaning less glutamate needed to move ions

Question 9

what does a modulatory response mean

Answer 9

changing something that originally was happening

Question 10

activation of the dendrites is correlated to what

Answer 10

Ca2+ signalling/CaMK2 response

Question 11

which highly localized response is attributable to input sensitivity

Answer 11

Ca2+ signalling/CaMK2 response

Question 12

protein kinases function to phosphorylate AMPA receptors and __________

Answer 12

cause the synapse to undergo physical modification/growth

Question 13

T/F: Only one post-translational modification and insertion of AMPA receptors represent the ‘acute’ phase of LTP

Answer 13

false, both

Question 14

describe the 4 ways LTP modifies the postsynaptic neuron “late”

Answer 14

1. longer lasting changes require changes at the level of gene expression via transcriptional regulation
2. if we pharmacologically block mechanisms, this prevents the long-lasting response of LTP
3. PKA phosphorylates CREB
4. Phosphorylated CREB drives transcription of genes that stabilize and grow the postsynaptic dendrite

Question 15

with the prevention of long-lasting response of LTP via pharmacological blocks, what will happen to the EPSP?

Answer 15

the dendritic spine will still grow in response to EPSP but the long term effects will not occur like normal

Question 16

CREB is in charge for what

Answer 16

growing and maintaining dendritic spine response to EPSP/LTP

Question 17

memory consolidation from CREB is regulated by

Answer 17

transcription factors in the nucleus

Question 18

CREB is a _______ _______

Answer 18

transcription factor

Question 19

CREB can also function as a protein that binds to ________ and regulate_________

Answer 19

specific segments of DNA (CREs), the expression of neighboring genes

Question 20

CREB2 acts like what part in the car analogy

Answer 20

brakes

Question 21

CREB2 represses what

Answer 21

gene expression when binds to CRE

Question 22

CREB1 activates what

Answer 22

transcription

Question 23

what exception is there for CREB1 activating transcription

Answer 23

transcription can only occur when CREB1 is being phosphorylated by PKA

Question 24

PKA acts as what in the car analogy

Answer 24

accelerator

Question 25

Ca2+ influx acts as what in the car analogy

Answer 25

green light

Question 26

what is the difference in depolarization strength between LTP and LTD

Answer 26

LTP has strong depolarization, LTD has weak depolarization

Question 27

in which 3 ways can LTP and LTD occur when driven by NMDA receptors?

Answer 27

1. the amount of Ca2+ is the determinant
2. High Ca2+ drives CaMK2 phosphorylation, low Ca2+ drives protein phosphorylation
   3.LTD is associated with loss of AMPA receptors, removed by ednocytosis

Question 28

Ca2+:
- high influx = ?
- low influx = ?

Answer 28

• high: LTP
• low: LTD