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Bio 302 > Alzheimer's and Dementia > Flashcards

Alzheimer's and Dementia Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

dementia is

A

the loss of intellectual function so severe that it interferes with an individual’s daily function

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2
Q

alzheimer’s is a common form of what?

A

dementia

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3
Q

which can only be clinically diagnosed? AD or dementia

A

dementia

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4
Q

alzheimer’s can only be determined [antemortem/postmortem]

A

postmortem

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5
Q

why can we not clinically diagnose alzheimer’s prior to death?

A

because we do not have a test to identify the pathological markers specific to alzheimer’s

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6
Q

what is the major risk factor for dementia and AD?

A

increasing age

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7
Q

at what age does your risk for AD/RD increase significantly?

A

75

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8
Q

alzheimer’s is the ____ leading cause of death

A

6th

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9
Q

who discovered alzheimer’s

A

alois alzheimer

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9
Q

women have what odds of developing AD?

A

2/3

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10
Q

most individuals diagnosed are [younger than/older than] 65.

A

older than

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11
Q

what risk causes some to develop AD at 30

A

familial mutations

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12
Q

what percent of risks for AD are familial (genetic)?

A

5%

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13
Q

what is the average lifespan post diagnosis for someone with AD/RD?

A

8 years

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14
Q

name the important psychiatrist that wrote a textbook about AD?

A

emil kraeplin

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15
Q

what can we learn from the case study of Auguste D?

A

patients with AD maintain motor function so the cerebellum is not as affected as the hippocampus

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16
Q

describe what the MoCA test assesses

A

working memory, short term memory recall, visuospatial, language, executive functions

17
Q

describe symptoms of alzheimer’s

A

-gradual and progressive memory loss
-decline in ability to perform routine tasks
-disorientation
-loss of language skills
-personality changes

18
Q

what does b-amyloid misfolding create

A

plaques

19
Q

what does hyperphosphorylation of tau proteins produce

A

tangles

20
Q

what 2 things are only present in patients with AD

A

tau protein and b-amyloid

21
Q

most related dementias have what pathology?

A

tau, b-amyloid and something else

22
Q

what is important about the biochemical function of b-amyloid precursor protein (APP)

A

a normal processing amyloid keeps you healthy but incorrect processing drives disease

23
Q

describe how b-amyloid and APP work to cut proteins into amyloid-B

A

app cuts the protein using b-secretase, then g-secretase cuts the protein again to produce amyloid-B peptide

24
Q

what is the pathological role of Amyloid-B?

A

impairment of neuronal function/neuronal cell death

25
Q

what is the physiological role of amyloid-B?

A

synaptic plasticity neurogenesis antioxidant

26
Q

describe what imaging of a brain with AD would look like

A

-severe degradation
-ventricular volume
-shrunken grey matter

27
Q

where are the 2 main mutations found in AD genetics?

A

-APP
-presenilins 1 and 2

28
Q

what are some of the main risk factors for AD?

A
  • ApoE4 genotype
  • aging
  • trisomy 21
  • tau protein mutation
29
Q

what is the strongest genetic non-familial mutation for increasing potential risk of AD?

A

ApoE4 genotype

30
Q

how much more likely are you to develop AD with a ApoE4 genotype?

A

15x

31
Q

the amyloid cascade hypothesis identified these 4 main contributors

A

[A] myloid
[I] nflammation
[N] eurodegeneration
[T] au

32
Q

someone with late stage AD will have what show in their imaging?

A

ventricular swelling

33
Q

when comparing a graph of someone with no mutation vs someone with 5xFAD, what can we conclude?

A

-the person with no mutation will show a LTP and EPSP slope with no degradation
-the person with 5xFAD will have a lower EPSP slope and less LTP closer to the baseline

34
Q

name 2 types of FDA approved treatments for AD

A

anticholinesterase inhibitors and NMDA receptor antagonist

35
Q

name the drug that is a FDA approved anticholinesterase inhibitor treatment for AD

A

donepizil

36
Q

what is important to note about AD treatments

A

they only treat the symptoms but do not alter the course of the disease

37
Q

in june of 2021, what drug became FDA approved. What kind of drug is it?

A

Biogen/Aduhelm, a anti-amyloid-B drug

38
Q

what parts of the brain areas are associated with the pathology of AD and related to declarative memory

A
  • medial temporal lobe (entorhinal cortex and hippocampus)
  • neocortex
39
Q

T/F: the cause of AD is unknown

A

true

Bio 302 (5 decks)

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