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Psychology > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of coding is STM

A

Mainly acoustic

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2
Q

What type of coding is LTM

A

Mainly semantic

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3
Q

How much capacity does STM have

A

7 ±2

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4
Q

How much capacity does LTM have

A

Unlimited

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5
Q

How long is STM duration

A

About 18 sec

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6
Q

How long is LTM

A

Lifetime

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7
Q

What is a sensory register

A

Iconic and echoing stores for stimuli from the environment

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8
Q

What is the capacity, input and duration of a sensory register

A

Capacity-large
Input- iconic (visual) and echoing (auditory)
Duration- 0.25 seconds

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9
Q

Who created the MSM model

A

Atkinson and Shriffin (1968)

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10
Q

What is the MSM model

A

The multi-store model of memory is a structural model which displays LTM and STM as separate stores and including rehearsal and retrieval

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11
Q

When was Miller’s experiment

A

1956

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12
Q

When was Baddeley’s experiment

A

1966

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13
Q

When was Peterson and Peterson’s study

A

1956

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14
Q

What was Miller researching

A

Capacity of STM

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15
Q

When was Jacob’s experiment

A

1887

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16
Q

What was Jacobs researching

A

Capacity of STM by testing digit span

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17
Q

What did Jacobs and Miller find

A

Together, their research suggests that STM capacity is 7±2

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18
Q

What was Baddeley researching

A

Coding of STM

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19
Q

How did Baddeley test coding in STM

A

He asked ppts to repeat back word lists of around 5 words. Some were acoustically similar while others were semantically similar

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20
Q

What were Baddeley’s results

A

Baddeley found that ppts found word lists that sounded acoustically similar (e.g. sit,sip,six,sis) were most difficult for them to recall.

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21
Q

What were Peterson and Peterson studying

A

The duration of STM

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22
Q

How did peterson and peterson study duration of STM

A

They used recall of nonsense trigrams with a retention interval between 3 and 18 seconds

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23
Q

What were the results of peterson and peterson

A

They found that less than 10% of ppts could remember the trigram after 18 seconds. This means that STM duration is most likely around 18 seconds

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24
Q

When was Bahrick’s study

A

1975

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25
Q

What was Bahrick investigating

A

The duration of LTM

26
Q

How did Bahrick investigate the duration of LTM

A

He gathered 392 american ppts between 17 and 74 years of age and asked them to recall people from their high-school yearbook. He did it in two ways. The first was using photo recognition while the other was a free recall of names.

27
Q

What were Bahrick’s results

A

After 15 years of leaving school, 90% of ppts could successfully photo recognise people from their year book. After 48 years of leaving school, the percentage for photo recognition dropped to 70%. With free recall, 60% remembered After 15 years which dropped to 30% after 48 years.

28
Q

What did McGeoch and McDonald study?

A

They investigated retroactive interference and the affects of similarity

29
Q

What is interference theory

A

It occurs when two pieces of information conflict with one another causing a person to forget.

30
Q

What is retroactive interference

A

New information interacting with the old

31
Q

What is proactive interference

A

Old information interacting with new

32
Q

How did McGeoch and McDonald test retroactive interference

A

They got participants to remember a word list to 100% accuracy then split them into six groups at random. Five of the six groups learnt a new word list, the sixth group didn’t learn a new list for a control. Group 1- synonyms, group 2- antonyms, group 3- unrelated words, group 4- consonant syllables, group 5- three digit numbers. After that the groups would have to recall the original word list.

33
Q

What were McGeoch and McDonald’s results

A

Group 1 (synonyms) were the worst at recall because of how similar the words meanings were.

34
Q

What is retrieval failure theory

A

The idea that memory is avaliable but not accessible because of a lack of cues

35
Q

What is context dependent forgetting

A

Recall in environment which is different from the learning environment

36
Q

What was Godden and Baddeley’s study

A

They tested context dependent forgetting with deep sea divers. Participants were a part of one of four groups- two groups learnt and recalled in the same environment while the other two learnt in one environment and recalled in another (land/water or water/land)

37
Q

What were the results of Godden and Baddeley’s study

A

Recall was better when learnt in the same environment (dry/dry or wet/wet)

38
Q

What is state dependent forgetting

A

Physical or psychological state different from when learning took place

39
Q

What was Carter and Cassaday’s experiment

A

They tested participants recall on a drug and not on a drug. The set up was similar to Godden and Baddeley’s deep sea diver experiment. The groups were (learning/recall) drug/drug, clean/drug, clean/clean, drug/clean

40
Q

What is the working memory model

A

It is a model of memory focusing on STM

41
Q

List the parts of the Working Memory Model

A

Visuo-spatial sketchpad, phonological loop (articulatory control system and phonological store), central executive, episodic buffer

42
Q

What is semantic memory

A

It is a type of LTM which is responsible for understanding and conceptual facts about the world

43
Q

What is procedural memory

A

It is a type of LTM which is responsible for knowing how to do things (its like muscle memory and natural instinct) e.g. how to drive, how to brush your teeth

44
Q

What is episodic memory

A

It is a type of LTM which is responsible for storing and retrieving personal experiences in daily life

45
Q

What is the Yerkes-Dodson law

A

The law suggests that performance and arousal are directly related. It suggests that an optimal amount of anxiety can better performance

46
Q

Why may anxiety in a witness affect how accurate their testimony is

A

-weapon focus distracts them and means they can’t identify the perpetrator accurately
-Yerkes- Dodson law means that over optimal levels of anxiety may decrease performance in testimonies

47
Q

Why may anxiety increase the accuracy of eyewitness testimonies

A

-High stress levels increased accuracy in Yuille and Cutshall (1986)
-Personal experiences (victims of violent crimes) increase accuracy, Christainson and Hubinette 1993

48
Q

What did Johnson and Scott (1976) study

A

They studied the accuracy of eyewitness accounts when a violent weapon is involved. Participants in two groups were lead to waiting rooms (they believed they were waiting to go into a lab for the experiment). One group was high anxiety while the other was low anxiety. The low anxiety group overheard an argument and a man walked out with a pen and grease all over him. The high anxiety group also overheard an argument and then saw a man walk out with a paper knife and blood over him.

49
Q

What were the results of Johnson and Scott (1976)

A

Participants in the high anxiety group found it difficult to identify the man who walked out in comparison to the low anxiety group. In the low anxiety group, 49% correctly identified him, whereas in the high anxiety group only 33% identified him

50
Q

What did Yuille and Cutshall (1986) study

A

13 people from a shop shooting participated. They were asked about the event 4-5 months after their original police interview. Alongside that, they were asked to judge their anxiety level and if they had any emotional problems since the shooting.

51
Q

What was the results of Yuille and Cutshall (1986)

A

They found that the participants remembered the event extremely accurately when compared to their original interviews. This shows that higher stress levels can provide a more accurate memory of events.

52
Q

What did Christianson and Hubinette (1993) study

A

110 real life eyewitnesses of bank robberies participated. Some of the participants were bank clerks who got personally threatened while other participants were onlookers. They wanted to test if personal victims (bank clerks) remembered more than the onlookers.

52
Q

What did Christainson and Hubinette (1993) find out

A

Victims/ bank clerks were more accurate with their recall of the event than the onlookers, even after 15 months.

53
Q

Why can leading questions in interviews be damaging to a witness’s testimony

A

Leading questions can change how the witness saw the event and create false testimonies. For example participants in a study watched a video of a car crash and were asked a question about what they saw but with different verbs to describe how one car went into the other one (hit/crashed/collided/made contact,smashed etc). They were also asked if there was broken glass. The results showed that the different words made the testimony different. Also depending on the word used, depended on if the participant said there was broken glass or not.

54
Q

What is the cognitive interview technique

A

It is a method of police technique used to make memory recall more accurate.

55
Q

What are the four instructions that cognitive interviewers should follow

A

To recreate the context to the original incident, to report every detail, to recall the event in different orders, to change perspectives

56
Q

What are strengths of the cognitive interview

A

-Increase in accurate information
-strong research to show that it is effective
-reduces schema

57
Q

What are the weaknesses of the cognitive interview

A

-extensive police training needed
-takes a long time to get rapport with witness
-meta-analysis from Kohnken et.al (1999)

58
Q

What does the episodic buffer do

A

It is a store in STM which temporarily stores information, it is modality free but has limited capacity

59
Q

What is the central executive and what does it do

A

It monitors incoming data in STM and spreads the information to other subsystems, it is modality free but has limited capacity

60
Q

What does the phonological loop do

A

It is a part of STM which deals with auditory information. It has two sub parts which are called the articulatory control system and the phonological store. It has acoustic coding and can hold around 2 seconds worth of information.

61
Q

What does the visuo-spatial sketchpad do

A

It is a store in STM which stores visual and spatial information. It has a limited capacity and is visually coded

Psychology (7 decks)

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