Memory Flashcards
What is memory
A Process whereby what is experienced or learned
is established as a record in CNS (registration),
where it maintains information over periods of time
(retention) and can be recollected from storage
Types of memory
Immediate
Recent
Remote
Immediate memory
Sensory memory
Recall of perceived material within seconds to minutes
Recent memory
Short term memory
Recall of events over the past few days to months
Remote memory
Long term memory
Recall events in the distant past
Amnesia types
Anterograde amnesia
Retrograde amnesia
Total amnesia
Circumscribed amnesia
Anterograde amnesia
Inability to recall recent events
Retrograde amnesia
Inability to recall remote events
Total amnesia
Inability to recall recent and remote events
Circumscribed amnesia
Inability to recall events for limited time
Paramnesia types
Falsification
Confabulation
Deja vu
Jamais vu
Hypermnesia
Falsification
Memory becomes unintentionally (unconsciously) distorted by being filtered through a patient’s present emotional, cognitive, and experiential state.
Unconscious adding of false details to a true memory.
Confabulation
Unconscious filling of gaps in memory by imagined or untrue experiences that the patient believes but that have no basis in fact.
Most often associated with organic pathology.
Deja vu
An abnormal experience where an individual feels that a particular or unique event has happened before in exactly the same way.
Jamais vu
An abnormal experience where an individual feels that a routine or familiar event is experiences as novel or new.
Hypermnesia
Exaggerated degree of retention and recall.
It is excessive memory, the patient mentions even unnecessary details
Types of memory
Long term
Short term
Long term memory questions
•Where did you live when you were growing up?
•What was the name of the school you went to?
Short term memory questions
Give pt 3 word let the pt repeat the,
At the end of the interview ask what are the 3 words
Attention
The ability to focus on the matter on hand.
Direct our thinking and behaviours.
Concentration
The ability to sustain that focus.
Focusing to meet/reach our goals.
Distractibility
Giving attention to every passing stimulus
e.g. someone coughing, a door opened or a
bird flying.
Selective attention
Blocking only those things that generate anxiety.
The Serial 7’s Test – evaluating the concentration
The test is administered orally,
the client is asked to take 7 away from 100, to take 7 away from the
answer obtained, and so on.
The clients are placed at as much at ease as possible and encouragement is freely given, but no assistance.
Each subtraction is considered as a unit and calculations are made on the basis of the 14 possible correct subtractions, that is 93-86-79-72-65- 58-51-44-37-30-23-16-9-2
Many people with thought disorders cannot perform more than one or two calculations.
Orientation
A State of awareness of oneself and one’s surrounding in terms of time, place and person.
Disorientation
Impaired ability to identify time, place and person.
Judgment
The ability to assess a situation correctly and to act appropriately within that situation.
Impaired judgment
Diminished ability to understand a situation correctly and to act appropriately.
Evaluation
Refers to a person’s problem-solving ability in a more general sense.
By exploring recent decision-making or by posing a practical dilemma:
what should you do if you see smoke coming out of a house?,
what would you do if you saw a wallet fall from someone?,
what would you do if you saw a crying child on his own?)
Insight
The ability to recognise that one’s abnormal experiences are symptoms of psychiatric illness and that they require treatment.
Impaired insight
Diminished ability to understand the objective condition of one’s mental illness.
Emotion categories
Mood and affect
Mood definition
•Subjective
•Pervasive and sustained emotion.
•Not influenced by will. •Strongly relates to value. •Such: Sadness, aggression,
joyous etc.
Affect definition
•Objected (noted by the examiner).
•Behavioural expression of emotion.
•Subjective and intermediate experience.
•Associated to ideas or mental representations of objects.
•Classified as blunted, flattened, broad, labile, appropriate and congruent.
Mood categories
Exaltation
Ecstasy
Dysphoric mood
Irritable mood
Anhedonia
Mood swings (labile mood)
Anxiety
Fear
Ambivalence
Phobia
Apprehension
Panic
Indifference
Apathy
Exaltation
Feeling of intense elation and grandeur.
Ecstasy
It is a feeling of intense happiness with mysterious air, it’s met with mystical experiences,
- Epilepsy
- Schizophrenia
- Under the effect of drugs.
Dysphoric mood
- Feeling of unpleasantness or discomfort.
- A mood of general dissatisfaction and restlessness
- Depression and anxiety.
Irritable mood
A state in which individuals are easily provoked to anger.
Anhedonia
Loss of interest in, and withdrawal from all regular and pleasurable activities often associated with depression and schizophrenia.
Mood swings (liable mood)
Oscillations between euphoria and depression or anxiety.
Anxiety
Feeling of apprehension caused by anticipation of danger which may be internal or external.
Fear
Anxiety caused by consciously recognised and realistic danger.
Ambivalence
Coexistence of two opposing impulses toward the same thing In the same person at the same time.
Phobia
An intense irrational fear of an object, situation, or place.
The fear persists even though the object of the fear is perfectly harmless and the person is aware of the irrationality.
Also, tries to avoid the feared stimulus.
Although a person is aware that cats would not harm him, he is afraid of cats and avoids being in contact with them.
Apprehension
Intense fear of any non fearful stimulus; fear of external danger.
⮚Car accident
Panic
sudden, overwhelming anxiety of such intensity that it produce disorganization of the personality
Indifference
Absence of emotional expression but experience is present.
Apathy
absence of emotional experience and expression.
Affect
Is the objective and immediate experience of emotion attached to ideas or mental representations of objects.
Affect can be assessed by observing the client nonverbal behaviour
(facial expression) in conjunction with other verbal clues.
Appropriate affect
Emotional tone is in harmony with the accompanying idea, though or speech.
Inappropriate affects (incongruent affect)
Disharmony between the emotional feeling tone and the idea or speech accompanying it.
Blunt affect
A disturbance in affect manifested by a severe reduction in the intensity of externalised feeling tone.
- When Sameer learns of his full tuition scholarship, he responds with only a small smile.
Flat affect
Absence or near absence of any signs of affective expression; voice monotonous, face immobile.
When Talia’s mother tells her that her favourite dog has died, Talia simply says, Oh, and gives no indication of an emotional
response.
What is the difference between flat and blunt affect ?
The degree
Labile affect (emotion instability)
Rapid and abrupt changes in emotional feeling tone, unrelated to external stimuli.
- Extreme change in short period of time.
-Laughing and crying at the same time.
