Memory Flashcards
What are the three-stages information processing model of memory
Encoding, storage, retrieval
What is the process of encoding
Getting information into the memory system. This can happen through various modalities, such as visual or auditory stimuli.
Which process retains information in the memory system. There are different types of memory stores, including sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory
Storage
What is retrieval?
The process of accessing information from memory. This can be influenced by various factors, such as the strength of the memory trace and the cues available at the time of retrieval
What is the Spreading activation (“connectionist”) model of memory?
- The spreading activation model proposes that when a concept is activated, closely related concepts are also activated
- suggest that the activation of one memory can facilitate the retrieval of related memories
When we think of a word’s meaning, closely related memory terms also activated
-This is a key idea in the spreading activation model of memory.
-When we think of a word’s meaning, related memories are activated because they are linked in the memory network.
What is the baker/Baker and Farmer/farmer
The paradox refers to the finding that people are more likely to remember a word when it has some personal relevance or meaning to them.
This suggests that memory is influenced by factors beyond just the strength of the memory trace.
What is the Multi-Store model of memory
This model proposes that memory is made up of different stores that differ in terms of capacity, duration, and encoding.
There are three main stores in this model: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
Sensory memory
- Iconic
- echoic
- haptic
What is sensory memory
Refers to the initial stage of memory processing, where sensory information is briefly held before being passed on to short-term memory
What are the different types of sensory memory
- iconic (visual)
- echoic (auditory)
- Haptic (touch)
Where is information held temporarily for processing and manipulation
In short term memory, second stage of the memory system
How can chunking can be used to improve short-term memory
By grouping information into smaller, more manageable chuncks
What are the different types of memory
-recall memory
-flashbulb memory
-panoramic memory
what is recall memory
involves retrieving information from memory without any cues or prompts, whereas recognition memory involves identifying previously learned information when presented with a cue or prompt
(ex: writing an essay on a topic from memory without any prompts or notes)
What is a flashbulb memory
refers to a vivid and emotionally intense memory of a significant event
( ex: remembering the exact details of where you were when you heard about 9/110
what is panoramic memory
refers to the ability to remember details about one’s environment, such as the layout of a room or the color of a person’s clothing
(Being able to recall the layout of a room you were in years ago, including the location of furniture and decorations)
A person who suffers damage to their XXXX may have difficulty forming new memories, but may still be able to remember events from before the injury.
Hippocampus
what role does the hippocampus plays
in memory formation and retrieval
what are eeg pattern
The electrical activity in the brain, measured by electroencephalography, which varies depending on the stage of sleep
NREM VS REM
NREM (non-rapid eye movement) and REM (rapid eye movement) are the two main types of sleep, distinguished by different brain activity and physiological responses
Provide an example NREM and REM
During NREM sleep, the body and brain slow down, and other is little to no muscle movement or eye movement
During REM sleep, the brain becomes more active and the eyes move rapidly
sleep cycles
The repetitive pattern of sleep stages that occur throughout the night, typically lasting 90-120 minutes per cycle
What is Borbely’s two-process model
A model of sleep-wake regulation that proposes two processes, one related to homeostatic sleep pressure (Process S) and one related to circadian rhythms (Process C), that interact to regulate sleep
What is a homeostatic hourglass oscillator
A component of Borbely’s two-process model, representing Process S, which counts how long we have been asleep or awake and regulates our sleep-wake cycle accordingly
Homeostatic hourglass oscillator
A component of Borbely’s two-process model, representing Process S, which counts how long we have been asleep or awake and regulated our sleep-wake cycle accordingly.
Circadian pacemaker SCN
The circadian pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the brain helps regulate our sleep-wake cycles by responding to external cues, such as light and dark
What is inertia
Sleep inertia can be especially pronounced in individuals who have been in deep sleep or REM sleep, and may impair cognitive and physical performance upon waking
Wake maintenance zone
Period of time just before usual sleep time when it is difficult to fall asleep and alertness is relatively high
What is the three-stage information processing model of memory?
Encoding, storage, retrieval
