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Molecular Neuroscience > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What is learning?

A

acquisition of new information

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2
Q

What is encoding?

A

processing incoming information so that it exists short term and enters long term memory

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3
Q

What is storage?

A

memory maintenance as a result of acquisition and consolidation

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4
Q

What is retrieval?

A

utilisation of stored information

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5
Q

How long is sensory memory?

A

miliseconds to seconds

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6
Q

How long is short term memory?

A

seconds to hours

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7
Q

How long is long term memory?

A

days to years

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8
Q

How can information be retained within short term and then ecoded into long term ?

A

rehearsal

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9
Q

memories are retrieved from

A

short term

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10
Q

divisions of long term memory

A

declarative and non-declarative

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11
Q

types of declarative memory

A

episodic and semantic

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12
Q

types of non-delcarative memory

A

non-associative conditioning and associative conditioning

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13
Q

habituation and sensistisaion are examples of what type of memory?

A

non-associative conditioning

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14
Q

skeletal musculature and emotional responses are examples of what type of memory?

A

associative conditioning

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15
Q

how do declarative and non-declarative memory differ?

A

declarative memories are recalled consciouslly, non-declarative memories are recalled and acquired unconsciously

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16
Q

What is priming?

A

eposure to one stimulus affects the response to a future stimulus

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17
Q

Henry molaison case study revealed

A

non-declarative and declarative memory are localised to different brain regions

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18
Q

Henry molaison impairments

A

anterograde declarative amnesia

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19
Q

how is declarative memory investigated in rodents?

A

morris water maze

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20
Q

morris water maze and henry molaison suggests hippocampus is involved in what type of memory?

A

declarative

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21
Q

what mutations are associated with morris water maze performance ?

A

Nr1 subunit of ca1/ca3 r

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22
Q

habituation

A

decrease in motor response

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23
Q

sensitisation

A

increase in motor response

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24
Q

non-associative learning refers to changes in motor response following what?

A

repeated exposure to a stimulus

25
Q

associative learning

A

classical conditioning or operant conditioning

26
Q

classical conditioning

A

changes in passive motor response due to association with 2 stimuli

27
Q

operant conditioning

A

changes in active motor response due to association with motor activity and consequence

28
Q

What neurotransmitter is released by l29?

A

5-HT

29
Q

which neuron is responsible for sensitisation of the gil withdrawal reflex?

A

L-29

30
Q

Where part of the L29 neuron is 5-HT released from?

A

axon

31
Q

the NT released from L29 activates what receptors?

A

5-HT pre synaptic GPCR on the sensory neuron

32
Q

cAMP activates which kinase?

A

PKA

33
Q

Which channels are phosphorylated by PKA?

A

voltage gated K+ channels

34
Q

PKA indirectly opens what channels, and how?

A

voltage gated calcium channels, by prolonging AP dye to reduced K+ current

35
Q

Why do sensory neurons release more NT following activation by L29?

A

more intracellular calcium

36
Q

difference between amygdala and hippocampal lesions:

A

hippocampal lesions cause contextual fear learning deficits only

37
Q

Homozygosity for the rd1 mutation ofthe Pde6b gene causes degeneration of what…

A

retinal

38
Q

conditioned taste aversion is a type of which category of procedural learning?

A

associative

39
Q

freezing behaviour:

A

only heartbeat and respiration remain

40
Q

CTA in rodents:

A

sweet tatse paired with discomfort due to association between saccharin solution and lithium chloride

41
Q

how is lithium chloride administered?

A

intraperitoneal injection

42
Q

What types of avoidance are hippocampal dependant?

A

active and passive

43
Q

active avoidance task in rodents:

A

moving to a safe compartment to avoid mild electrical shock

44
Q

passive avoidanc task in rodents:

A

rodents remain in brightly illuminated compartment as have associated dark compartment with mild electric shock

45
Q

The Skinner box is used to induce what type of learning?

A

operant conditioning

46
Q

synaptic plasticity definition:

A

changes in strength of neuronal connections

47
Q

changes in plasticity are reffered to as…?

A

LTP or LTD

48
Q

LTP:

A

AP within pre-synaptic triggers greater response within post-synaptic neuron

49
Q

effect of tetanus on EPSP in LTP

A

increasing EPSP amplitude (LTP)

50
Q

how long can LTP last?

A

hours to weeks

51
Q

tetanus can induce LTP, or LTD depending on…

A

the frequency of stimulation

52
Q

retrograde messengers:

A

released post synaptically and act pre-synaptically

53
Q

how does AMPAR activation activate NMDA?

A

magnesium block removed due to depolarisation

54
Q

the resultant calcium influx fom NMDAR activates what molecule?

A

protein kinases

55
Q

how do protein kinases contribute to LTP in glutamate signalling?

A

cause more AMPAR insertion and phosphorylation

56
Q

where is experience-dependant plasticity witnessed, and how is it induced?

A

neocortex
sensory deprivation

57
Q

effects of GluA1 KO

A

impaired early LTP
impaired spatial working memory

58
Q

contextual fear conditioning

A

association between environment and foot shock

59
Q

cued fear conditioning

A

association of auditory tone and foot shock

Molecular Neuroscience (5 decks)

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