Memory Flashcards
What is learning?
acquisition of new information
What is encoding?
processing incoming information so that it exists short term and enters long term memory
What is storage?
memory maintenance as a result of acquisition and consolidation
What is retrieval?
utilisation of stored information
How long is sensory memory?
miliseconds to seconds
How long is short term memory?
seconds to hours
How long is long term memory?
days to years
How can information be retained within short term and then ecoded into long term ?
rehearsal
memories are retrieved from
short term
divisions of long term memory
declarative and non-declarative
types of declarative memory
episodic and semantic
types of non-delcarative memory
non-associative conditioning and associative conditioning
habituation and sensistisaion are examples of what type of memory?
non-associative conditioning
skeletal musculature and emotional responses are examples of what type of memory?
associative conditioning
how do declarative and non-declarative memory differ?
declarative memories are recalled consciouslly, non-declarative memories are recalled and acquired unconsciously
What is priming?
eposure to one stimulus affects the response to a future stimulus
Henry molaison case study revealed
non-declarative and declarative memory are localised to different brain regions
Henry molaison impairments
anterograde declarative amnesia
how is declarative memory investigated in rodents?
morris water maze
morris water maze and henry molaison suggests hippocampus is involved in what type of memory?
declarative
what mutations are associated with morris water maze performance ?
Nr1 subunit of ca1/ca3 r
habituation
decrease in motor response
sensitisation
increase in motor response
non-associative learning refers to changes in motor response following what?
repeated exposure to a stimulus
associative learning
classical conditioning or operant conditioning
classical conditioning
changes in passive motor response due to association with 2 stimuli
operant conditioning
changes in active motor response due to association with motor activity and consequence
What neurotransmitter is released by l29?
5-HT
which neuron is responsible for sensitisation of the gil withdrawal reflex?
L-29
Where part of the L29 neuron is 5-HT released from?
axon
the NT released from L29 activates what receptors?
5-HT pre synaptic GPCR on the sensory neuron
cAMP activates which kinase?
PKA
Which channels are phosphorylated by PKA?
voltage gated K+ channels
PKA indirectly opens what channels, and how?
voltage gated calcium channels, by prolonging AP dye to reduced K+ current
Why do sensory neurons release more NT following activation by L29?
more intracellular calcium
difference between amygdala and hippocampal lesions:
hippocampal lesions cause contextual fear learning deficits only
Homozygosity for the rd1 mutation ofthe Pde6b gene causes degeneration of what…
retinal
conditioned taste aversion is a type of which category of procedural learning?
associative
freezing behaviour:
only heartbeat and respiration remain
CTA in rodents:
sweet tatse paired with discomfort due to association between saccharin solution and lithium chloride
how is lithium chloride administered?
intraperitoneal injection
What types of avoidance are hippocampal dependant?
active and passive
active avoidance task in rodents:
moving to a safe compartment to avoid mild electrical shock
passive avoidanc task in rodents:
rodents remain in brightly illuminated compartment as have associated dark compartment with mild electric shock
The Skinner box is used to induce what type of learning?
operant conditioning
synaptic plasticity definition:
changes in strength of neuronal connections
changes in plasticity are reffered to as…?
LTP or LTD
LTP:
AP within pre-synaptic triggers greater response within post-synaptic neuron
effect of tetanus on EPSP in LTP
increasing EPSP amplitude (LTP)
how long can LTP last?
hours to weeks
tetanus can induce LTP, or LTD depending on…
the frequency of stimulation
retrograde messengers:
released post synaptically and act pre-synaptically
how does AMPAR activation activate NMDA?
magnesium block removed due to depolarisation
the resultant calcium influx fom NMDAR activates what molecule?
protein kinases
how do protein kinases contribute to LTP in glutamate signalling?
cause more AMPAR insertion and phosphorylation
where is experience-dependant plasticity witnessed, and how is it induced?
neocortex
sensory deprivation
effects of GluA1 KO
impaired early LTP
impaired spatial working memory
contextual fear conditioning
association between environment and foot shock
cued fear conditioning
association of auditory tone and foot shock
