Memory

Question 1

What is learning?

Answer 1

acquisition of new information

Question 2

What is encoding?

Answer 2

processing incoming information so that it exists short term and enters long term memory

Question 3

What is storage?

Answer 3

memory maintenance as a result of acquisition and consolidation

Question 4

What is retrieval?

Answer 4

utilisation of stored information

Question 5

How long is sensory memory?

Answer 5

miliseconds to seconds

Question 6

How long is short term memory?

Answer 6

seconds to hours

Question 7

How long is long term memory?

Answer 7

days to years

Question 8

How can information be retained within short term and then ecoded into long term ?

Answer 8

rehearsal

Question 9

memories are retrieved from

Answer 9

short term

Question 10

divisions of long term memory

Answer 10

declarative and non-declarative

Question 11

types of declarative memory

Answer 11

episodic and semantic

Question 12

types of non-delcarative memory

Answer 12

non-associative conditioning and associative conditioning

Question 13

habituation and sensistisaion are examples of what type of memory?

Answer 13

non-associative conditioning

Question 14

skeletal musculature and emotional responses are examples of what type of memory?

Answer 14

associative conditioning

Question 15

how do declarative and non-declarative memory differ?

Answer 15

declarative memories are recalled consciouslly, non-declarative memories are recalled and acquired unconsciously

Question 16

What is priming?

Answer 16

eposure to one stimulus affects the response to a future stimulus

Question 17

Henry molaison case study revealed

Answer 17

non-declarative and declarative memory are localised to different brain regions

Question 18

Henry molaison impairments

Answer 18

anterograde declarative amnesia

Question 19

how is declarative memory investigated in rodents?

Answer 19

morris water maze

Question 20

morris water maze and henry molaison suggests hippocampus is involved in what type of memory?

Answer 20

declarative

Question 21

what mutations are associated with morris water maze performance ?

Answer 21

Nr1 subunit of ca1/ca3 r

Question 22

habituation

Answer 22

decrease in motor response

Question 23

sensitisation

Answer 23

increase in motor response

Question 24

non-associative learning refers to changes in motor response following what?

Answer 24

repeated exposure to a stimulus

Question 25

associative learning

Answer 25

classical conditioning or operant conditioning

Question 26

classical conditioning

Answer 26

changes in passive motor response due to association with 2 stimuli

Question 27

operant conditioning

Answer 27

changes in active motor response due to association with motor activity and consequence

Question 28

What neurotransmitter is released by l29?

Answer 28

5-HT

Question 29

which neuron is responsible for sensitisation of the gil withdrawal reflex?

Answer 29

L-29

Question 30

Where part of the L29 neuron is 5-HT released from?

Answer 30

axon

Question 31

the NT released from L29 activates what receptors?

Answer 31

5-HT pre synaptic GPCR on the sensory neuron

Question 32

cAMP activates which kinase?

Answer 32

PKA

Question 33

Which channels are phosphorylated by PKA?

Answer 33

voltage gated K+ channels

Question 34

PKA indirectly opens what channels, and how?

Answer 34

voltage gated calcium channels, by prolonging AP dye to reduced K+ current

Question 35

Why do sensory neurons release more NT following activation by L29?

Answer 35

more intracellular calcium

Question 36

difference between amygdala and hippocampal lesions:

Answer 36

hippocampal lesions cause contextual fear learning deficits only

Question 37

Homozygosity for the rd1 mutation ofthe Pde6b gene causes degeneration of what...

Answer 37

retinal

Question 38

conditioned taste aversion is a type of which category of procedural learning?

Answer 38

associative

Question 39

freezing behaviour:

Answer 39

only heartbeat and respiration remain

Question 40

CTA in rodents:

Answer 40

sweet tatse paired with discomfort due to association between saccharin solution and lithium chloride

Question 41

how is lithium chloride administered?

Answer 41

intraperitoneal injection

Question 42

What types of avoidance are hippocampal dependant?

Answer 42

active and passive

Question 43

active avoidance task in rodents:

Answer 43

moving to a safe compartment to avoid mild electrical shock

Question 44

passive avoidanc task in rodents:

Answer 44

rodents remain in brightly illuminated compartment as have associated dark compartment with mild electric shock

Question 45

The Skinner box is used to induce what type of learning?

Answer 45

operant conditioning

Question 46

synaptic plasticity definition:

Answer 46

changes in strength of neuronal connections

Question 47

changes in plasticity are reffered to as...?

Answer 47

LTP or LTD

Question 48

LTP:

Answer 48

AP within pre-synaptic triggers greater response within post-synaptic neuron

Question 49

effect of tetanus on EPSP in LTP

Answer 49

increasing EPSP amplitude (LTP)

Question 50

how long can LTP last?

Answer 50

hours to weeks

Question 51

tetanus can induce LTP, or LTD depending on...

Answer 51

the frequency of stimulation

Question 52

retrograde messengers:

Answer 52

released post synaptically and act pre-synaptically

Question 53

how does AMPAR activation activate NMDA?

Answer 53

magnesium block removed due to depolarisation

Question 54

the resultant calcium influx fom NMDAR activates what molecule?

Answer 54

protein kinases

Question 55

how do protein kinases contribute to LTP in glutamate signalling?

Answer 55

cause more AMPAR insertion and phosphorylation

Question 56

where is experience-dependant plasticity witnessed, and how is it induced?

Answer 56

neocortex sensory deprivation

Question 57

effects of GluA1 KO

Answer 57

impaired early LTP impaired spatial working memory

Question 58

contextual fear conditioning

Answer 58

association between environment and foot shock

Question 59

cued fear conditioning

Answer 59

association of auditory tone and foot shock