iPSC technology

Question 1

properties of stem cells

Answer 1

differntiation and self renewal

Question 2

totipotent stem cell

Answer 2

any cell in the body and placenta

Question 3

pluripotent stem cell

Answer 3

can form any cell in the body

Question 4

multipotent stem cell

Answer 4

can form into several different cell types

Question 5

oligopotent stem cell

Answer 5

can form into a handful of different cell types

Question 6

unipotent stem cells

Answer 6

can differentiate into one cell type

Question 7

which stem cell class can differentiate into any of the germ layers?

Answer 7

pluripotent

Question 8

embryonic stem cells are an example of what class of stem cell?

Answer 8

pluripotent

Question 9

where are embryonic stem cells located?

Answer 9

inner cell mass of blastocyst

Question 10

what stem cell class are adult stem cells?

Answer 10

multipotent

Question 11

what are iPSC derived from?

Answer 11

terminally differentiated stem cells

Question 12

what transcription factors are used to revert cells back to pluripotency?

Answer 12

oct 4, sox2, klf4 and cmyc OR oct4, sox2 nanog and lin-28

Question 13

how can cell pluripotency be established?

Answer 13

make sure they can differentiate into the germ layers AND that theyre incorporated into growing embryo

Question 14

where does Oct-4 bind?

Answer 14

octamer motif

Question 15

what gene produces oct-4?

Answer 15

pou5f1

Question 16

how does octamer motif regulate gene expression?

Answer 16

promoter or enhancer

Question 17

which TF are essential to maintain pluripotency?

Answer 17

sox2 and oct-4

Question 18

which TF activates oct-4 and sox-2?

Answer 18

KLF-4

Question 19

role of c-myc

Answer 19

stimulate cell proliferation

Question 20

what is used to introduce genes into the genome?

Answer 20

viral vectors

Question 21

iPSC risks

Answer 21

insertional mutagenesis , genome instability and maligant transformation

Question 22

why did mice which developed from embryos containing iPSC develop tumours?

Answer 22

c-myc is an oncogene

Question 23

oct-4, sox2 and klf4 transduction carries what risk?

Answer 23

tumour formation

Question 24

alternative technqiues

Answer 24

piggyBac,
replication-defective adenoviral vectors
episomal plasmids
non-viral minicircle

Question 25

piggyBac

Answer 25

involves no genetic integration

Question 26

replication defective adenoviral vectors

Answer 26

genetic material of cells not altered, but oct4 is expressed by the genes that were inserted

Question 27

episomal plasmids, non-viral minicircle DNA vectors and replication-defective adenoviral vectors

Answer 27

also non integrating

Question 28

how are transcription factors delivered?

Answer 28

integrating viral vectors

Question 29

how does OCT-4 affect transcription?

Answer 29

binds to ATGCAAAT of promoter or enhancer of target genes

Question 30

Oct-4 expression after the 8th day of gestation

Answer 30

only within germ cells

Question 31

where is Oct-4 expressed in the blastocyst?

Answer 31

inner cell mass

Question 32

what transcription factor activates sox2 and oct4?

Answer 32

kfl

Question 33

piggyBac

Answer 33

transposon into somatic cells

Question 34

describe when different growth factors exert their effects

Answer 34

different stages of embryonic development

Question 35

growth factor required for midbrain/hindbrain development

Answer 35

FGF8

Question 36

growth factor required for spinal cord development

Answer 36

RA

Question 37

growth factor needed for forebrain development

Answer 37

alpha BMP alpha WNt

Question 38

what do stem cells require to develop into neural progenitor cells?

Answer 38

alpha BMP alpha Wnt FGF

Question 39

what are the only cerebellar cortex output cells?

Answer 39

Purkinje cells

Question 40

describe the activity of Purkinje cells:

Answer 40

provide GABA-ergic inhibition to modulate input to cerebellar nuclei

Question 41

what cells are lost in ataxia telengiactasia

Answer 41

Purkinje cells

Question 42

human iPS cell-derived neurones have improved symptoms of whar disorder in rodents?

Answer 42

Parkinson's

Question 43

Future applications of new tissue generation:

Answer 43

1.individual specialised cell generation 2. tissue patches 3. tissue organoids

Question 44

why can inherited diseases be modeled using iPSC?

Answer 44

mutation sequences remain throughout the process

Question 45

Future applications of iPSC in disease modelling:

Answer 45

drug screening patient-specific therapies modelling epigenetic disorders

Question 46

why can iPSC be used in patient-specific therapies?

Answer 46

specialised cells maintain genes of the donor

Question 47

how can cardiomyocytes be produced?

Answer 47

de-differentiation of fibroblasts

Question 48

how can rett syndrome be modelled?

Answer 48

IPS-neurons

Question 49

long-QT syndrome mutation:

Answer 49

KCNQ1

Question 50

Rett syndrome mutation:

Answer 50

MECP2

Question 51

effect of IGF1?

Answer 51

increased glutamatergic synapse number and soma size