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Molecular Neuroscience > iPSC technology > Flashcards

iPSC technology Flashcards

1
Q

properties of stem cells

A

differntiation and self renewal

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2
Q

totipotent stem cell

A

any cell in the body and placenta

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3
Q

pluripotent stem cell

A

can form any cell in the body

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4
Q

multipotent stem cell

A

can form into several different cell types

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5
Q

oligopotent stem cell

A

can form into a handful of different cell types

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6
Q

unipotent stem cells

A

can differentiate into one cell type

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7
Q

which stem cell class can differentiate into any of the germ layers?

A

pluripotent

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8
Q

embryonic stem cells are an example of what class of stem cell?

A

pluripotent

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9
Q

where are embryonic stem cells located?

A

inner cell mass of blastocyst

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10
Q

what stem cell class are adult stem cells?

A

multipotent

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11
Q

what are iPSC derived from?

A

terminally differentiated stem cells

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12
Q

what transcription factors are used to revert cells back to pluripotency?

A

oct 4, sox2, klf4 and cmyc OR oct4, sox2 nanog and lin-28

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13
Q

how can cell pluripotency be established?

A

make sure they can differentiate into the germ layers AND that theyre incorporated into growing embryo

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14
Q

where does Oct-4 bind?

A

octamer motif

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15
Q

what gene produces oct-4?

A

pou5f1

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16
Q

how does octamer motif regulate gene expression?

A

promoter or enhancer

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17
Q

which TF are essential to maintain pluripotency?

A

sox2 and oct-4

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18
Q

which TF activates oct-4 and sox-2?

A

KLF-4

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19
Q

role of c-myc

A

stimulate cell proliferation

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20
Q

what is used to introduce genes into the genome?

A

viral vectors

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21
Q

iPSC risks

A

insertional mutagenesis , genome instability and maligant transformation

22
Q

why did mice which developed from embryos containing iPSC develop tumours?

A

c-myc is an oncogene

23
Q

oct-4, sox2 and klf4 transduction carries what risk?

A

tumour formation

24
Q

alternative technqiues

A

piggyBac,
replication-defective adenoviral vectors
episomal plasmids
non-viral minicircle

25
Q

piggyBac

A

involves no genetic integration

26
Q

replication defective adenoviral vectors

A

genetic material of cells not altered, but oct4 is expressed by the genes that were inserted

27
Q

episomal plasmids, non-viral minicircle DNA vectors and replication-defective adenoviral vectors

A

also non integrating

28
Q

how are transcription factors delivered?

A

integrating viral vectors

29
Q

how does OCT-4 affect transcription?

A

binds to ATGCAAAT of promoter or enhancer of target genes

30
Q

Oct-4 expression after the 8th day of gestation

A

only within germ cells

31
Q

where is Oct-4 expressed in the blastocyst?

A

inner cell mass

32
Q

what transcription factor activates sox2 and oct4?

A

kfl

33
Q

piggyBac

A

transposon into somatic cells

34
Q

describe when different growth factors exert their effects

A

different stages of embryonic development

35
Q

growth factor required for midbrain/hindbrain development

A

FGF8

36
Q

growth factor required for spinal cord development

A

RA

37
Q

growth factor needed for forebrain development

A

alpha BMP
alpha WNt

38
Q

what do stem cells require to develop into neural progenitor cells?

A

alpha BMP
alpha Wnt
FGF

39
Q

what are the only cerebellar cortex output cells?

A

Purkinje cells

40
Q

describe the activity of Purkinje cells:

A

provide GABA-ergic inhibition to modulate input to cerebellar nuclei

41
Q

what cells are lost in ataxia telengiactasia

A

Purkinje cells

42
Q

human iPS cell-derived neurones have improved symptoms of whar disorder in rodents?

A

Parkinson’s

43
Q

Future applications of new tissue generation:

A

1.individual specialised cell generation
2. tissue patches
3. tissue organoids

44
Q

why can inherited diseases be modeled using iPSC?

A

mutation sequences remain throughout the process

45
Q

Future applications of iPSC in disease modelling:

A

drug screening
patient-specific therapies
modelling epigenetic disorders

46
Q

why can iPSC be used in patient-specific therapies?

A

specialised cells maintain genes of the donor

47
Q

how can cardiomyocytes be produced?

A

de-differentiation of fibroblasts

48
Q

how can rett syndrome be modelled?

A

IPS-neurons

49
Q

long-QT syndrome mutation:

A

KCNQ1

50
Q

Rett syndrome mutation:

A

MECP2

51
Q

effect of IGF1?

A

increased glutamatergic synapse number and soma size

Molecular Neuroscience (5 decks)

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