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nsci 201 > memory > Flashcards

memory Flashcards

1
Q

what is memory

A

ability to store information from past experience and retrieve it

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2
Q

what does having memories cause (2)

A
  1. consciously recollect things
  2. changes in behavior
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3
Q

what is learning

A

processes through which new information is acquired by cns

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4
Q

what is equivalent of learning in brain

A

plasticity

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5
Q

habituation vs sensitization

A

habituation -> learning to ignore novel stimulus (lose reflex)
sensitization -> heightened response when paired with harmful stimulus (reflex becomes better)

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6
Q

cellular and molecular mechanisms of learning (2)

A
  1. long term sensitization
  2. long term habituation
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7
Q

molecular changes of learning (2)

A
  1. structure in presynaptic terminals changes
  2. functional effectiveness of preexisting synapse changes
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8
Q

what is declarative/explicit memory

A

memory of semantics (facts/concepts) and episodic memory (events)

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9
Q

what is nondeclarative/implicit memory (4)

A
  1. priming
  2. associative learning (conditioning)
  3. procedural memory (motor learning like riding a bike)
  4. nonassociative learning: habituation and sensitization
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10
Q

qualitative categories of memory classification (2)

A
  1. declarative/explicit memory
  2. nondeclarative/implicit memory
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11
Q

temporal categories of memory classification (3)

A
  1. immediate (sensory memory) -> ~ 1s
  2. stm (working memory) -> s to min
  3. ltm -> days to years
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12
Q

what helps consolidate stm to ltm

A

sleep

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13
Q

what information is found in working memory

A

information relevant to achieve a goal

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14
Q

limitations of working memory (2)

A
  1. duration
  2. capacity
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15
Q

what is working memory pertinent for (2)

A
  1. language reasoning
  2. problem solving
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16
Q

brain circuits involved in working memory (3)

A
  1. phonological loop -> broca and wernicke’s area to pfc
  2. visuo-spatial sketch pad -> occipital lobe to pfc
  3. episodic buffer (perceptual processing) -> parietal lobe to pfc (and vice versa)
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17
Q

what is consolidation

A

progressive stabilization of memories that follows initial encoding of memory ‘traces’ through conscious or unconscious rehearsal or practice

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18
Q

what is an engram

A

physical embodiment of any memory in neural machinery: changes in efficacy of synaptic connections, growth or reording of connections

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19
Q

where is the engram

A

cortex

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20
Q

where are memory traces

A

hippocampus

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21
Q

what leads to persistence of memories at the cellular level

A

changes in protein synthesis and other mechanisms of synaptic plasticity

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22
Q

where do memories go to be consolidated

A

from hippocampus to cortex

23
Q

what does priming do

A

changes processing of 2nd stimulus due to previous encounter with the same or related stimulus

24
Q

what does priming show us

A

importance of association

25
Q

priming in schizophrenic patients

A

associations not as strong so priming doesn’t really work

26
Q

things that enhance memory span (3)

A
  1. associating
  2. giving meaningful context to meaningless items
  3. motivation
27
Q

classical conditioning vs operant conditioning

A

classical -> pair normal trigger with unrelated stimulus (repeated association), eventually unrelated stimulus elicits response
operant -> increasing behavioral response by associating response with reward

28
Q

which type of conditioning is (a) passive, (b) active

A

(a) classical
(b) operant

29
Q

what do we forget (2)

A
  1. things with no particular importance
  2. unused or unrehearsed memories over time
30
Q

pathological process of forgetting

A

amnesia

31
Q

types of amnesia

A

retrograde -> can’t remember things that happened before
anterograde -> can’t form new memories (like blackout from alcohol)

32
Q

brain structures that have role in establishing new declarative memories (2)

A

diencephalic and medial temporal lobe structures

33
Q

brain systems/structures underlying memories (3)

A
  1. diencephalic and medial temporal lobe structures
  2. hippocampus and amygdala
  3. limbic system
34
Q

part of the limbic system in hippocampus (3)

A
  1. parahippocampal gyrus
  2. entorhinal cortex
  3. perirhinal cortex
35
Q

subcortical connections to thalamus and mamillary bodies

A

hippocampus and amygdala

36
Q

patient hm (3)

A
  1. had epilepsy
  2. removal of temporal lobe bilaterally
  3. epilepsy cured, but anterograde amnesia
37
Q

what did patient hm lose (3) and what was preserved (2) (in terms of memory)

A
  1. recollection of early memories preserved (because already in cortex, not in hippocampus anymore)
  2. recollection of having met dr. milner lost
  3. capacity to encode new events and facts lost
  4. procedural memory preserved
  5. recollection of having learned motor skill (not acquired before lesion) lost
38
Q

conclusion from patient hm’s memory performances

A

different brain systems underlie different aspects of memory

39
Q

medial temporal structures involved in … of … memories

A

encoding and consolidating declarative memories

40
Q

role of medial temporal structures in procedural and ltm memories

A

procedural and ltm independent from medial temporal structures

41
Q

what does activation of hippocampus and adjacent cortex predict

A

memory performance

42
Q

what does the quality of encoding depend on

A

structural and functional changes of neural connections as a result of experience

43
Q

what brain area is relevant for remembering

A

posterior hippocampus

44
Q

what cells make up the brain’s gps

A

place cells and grid cells

45
Q

location of place cells and grid cells

A

place cells -> hippocampus
grid cells -> entorhinal cortex

46
Q

what are place cells and grid cells

A

place cells -> neurons that fire when animals traverse specific locations
grid cells -> neurons that fire when rat was in different parts of the arena that formed a hexagon (fires for 6 different places)

47
Q

how can brain navigate

A

combination of place and grid cells maps location in relation to other things

48
Q

what system does procedural learning depend on

A

motor system

49
Q

procedural learning is affected in (2)

A
  1. parkinson’s
  2. huntington’s
50
Q

where is ltm stored

A

cerebral cortex

51
Q

which areas of cortex is semantic memory stored in (not hippocampus)

A

areas in cortex that were activated when encoding object (when saw the thing)

52
Q

forms of ltm (2)

A
  1. implicit (nondeclarative)
  2. explicit (declarative)
53
Q

brain region involved in (a) priming, (b) procedural learning (not motor system), (c) emotional response of conditioning, (d) skeletal musculature response of conditioning, (e) habituation & sensitization

A

(a) neocortex
(b) striatum
(c) amygdala
(d) cerebellum
(e) reflex pathways

nsci 201 (6 decks)

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