Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

nsci 201 > cortical states > Flashcards

cortical states Flashcards

1
Q

what is an ultradian and circadian cycle

A

ultradian: cycle shorter than one day
circadian: around 24h

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

types of changes that follow the circadian rhythm (3)

A
  1. physical changes
  2. mental changes
  3. behavioral changes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

external cues used to distinguish night and day (2)

A
  1. daily routines (meals, social interactions)
  2. light and darkness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

most important cues for circadian rhythm (2)

A
  1. light
  2. physical activity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how does light regulate circadian rhythm

A

sensors in retina signal changes to the brain (SCN)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the central/master clock

A

scn of the hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how does physical activity regulate circadian rhythm

A

sends signals (increase in temperature and metabolism) to the peripheral clock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the peripheral clock

A

muscle tissue and other organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how does light influence the synthesis of melatonin

A

photosensitive ganglion cells (melanopsin) sense light and project to scn; reach pineal gland than synthesizes melatonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

relationship bw light and melatonin

A

light inhibits release of melatonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

when is peak of melatonin and cortisol

A

melatonin: middle of night
cortisol: end of night/when wake up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what controls secretion of cortisol

A

scn and adrenal gland clock (central clock)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what role does cortisol play in internal clocks

A

plays part in synchronization of cell-autonomous clocks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

cortisol secretion increases with (3)

A
  1. immune system response
  2. intense physical activity
  3. psychological and emotional stress
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how does light influence mood

A

light takes different pathway than circadian rhythm regulation pathway to influence mood via NAc and mPFC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

effects of sleep deprivation (4)

A
  1. impaired judgement
  2. impaired reaction times
  3. mood swings
  4. hallucinations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

purposes of sleep (4)

A
  1. energy conservation
  2. avoid predators
  3. consolidation of memory
  4. clearance of brain metabolic waste
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how does sleep help to conserve energy (2)

A
  1. replenish brain glycogen levels
  2. decreases metabolism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

why would sleep help avoid predators

A

finding food and avoiding predators depends on visual information and at night, it is dark so take a break

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

why would sleep help consolidate memory (2)

A
  1. sleeping soon after learning increases recall
  2. sleep closes gate (thalamus) between STM and LTM stores
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how does sleep help clear brain of metabolic waste

A

CSF can permeate brain during sleep and clear metabolic waste from brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

effect of closing eyes on brain waves and why

A

brain activity becomes synchronized because no more input from external cues (visual input)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

stages of sleep

A

N1 -> N2 -> N3 -> R

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

stages in NREM sleep

A

N1, N2 and N3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

brain waves in N1 stage

A

start showing lower frequency and higher amplitude

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is N1 stage

A

transition to sleep/drowsiness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

brain waves in N2 stage

A

periodic bursts of activity - sleep spindles; lower frequency and higher amplitude than N1 phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

brain waves in N3 stage

A

slow-wave sleep (synchronization); decreased number of spindles -> delta waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

which sleep stage has delta waves

A

N3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

brain waves in REM sleep

A

EEG similar to awake state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what are k complexes

A

spike in activity when stimulus from outside reaches brain, but doesn’t wake the person up

32
Q

which sleep stage has k complexes

33
Q

which sleep stage has sleep spindles

34
Q

which sleep stage is the shortest

35
Q

which sleep stage is closest to awake state

36
Q

characteristics of REM sleep (7)

A
  1. rapid eye movement
  2. physiological variables increase
  3. pupillary constriction
  4. paralysis of large muscle groups (twitching of smaller muscles)
  5. spontaneous penile erection
  6. greater prevalence of dreaming
  7. become longer across the night
37
Q

which sleep stage do dreams occur in

A

all stages, but mostly REM

38
Q

characteristics of REM dreams (4)

A
  1. long
  2. primarily visual
  3. somewhat emotional
  4. not connected to immediate events of everyday life
39
Q

characteristics of NREM dreams (5)

A
  1. shorter
  2. less visual
  3. less emotional
  4. more conceptual
  5. usually related to current life of dreamer
40
Q

which sleeping stage decreases as we get older

A

at beginning of life, REM sleep decreases, but in adulthood, REM stays constant and NREM sleep decreases

41
Q

which brain areas interact to form the neural circuits of sleep (3)

A
  1. brainstem (reticular activating system)
  2. thalamus
  3. cortex
42
Q

what regulates the neural circuits of sleep (brainstem)

A

hypothalamus

43
Q

states of thalamocortical neurons (2)

A

tonically active or intrinsic bursting state (oscillatory state)

44
Q

tonically active state of thalamocortical neurons (3)

A
  1. neurons are depolarized
  2. sensory input (LGN, MGN)
  3. wakefulness - ‘gate open’ (receives input from brainstem)
45
Q

oscillatory state of thalamocortical neurons (3)

A
  1. follow electrochemical properties (baseline, AP)
  2. synchronize with cortex
  3. disconnecting from outside wold - ‘gate closed’ (no input from brainstem)
46
Q

what determines if the thalamus is ‘open’ or ‘closed’

A

brainstem nuclei

47
Q

how does the thalamus act as a gate in sleep

A

when asleep, the thalamus is a closed gate. cortex cannot get information from the outside world which creates synchronization (only following intrinsic state)

48
Q

neurotransmitters involved in sleep (3)

A
  1. noradrenaline
  2. acetylcholine
  3. serotonin
49
Q

role of noradrenaline in sleep and during which state is it present

A

main activating NT; induces wakefulness

50
Q

role of acetylcholine in sleep and during which states is it present

A

processes complex information and cognitive processes; present in both wakefulness and REM sleep

51
Q

role of serotonin in sleep states

A

high quantities -> linked with wakefulness
minor quantities -> linked to NREM sleep

52
Q

REM sleep (a) NT modulation, (b) activation of NT, (c) information source

A

(a) cholinergic
(b) high activation
(c) internal information

53
Q

NREM sleep (a) NT modulation, (b) activation of NT, (c) information source

A

(a) serotoninergic
(b) high
(c) internal and external

54
Q

awake (a) NT modulation, (b) activation of NT, (c) information source

A

(a) aminergic
(b) high activation
(c) external information

55
Q

cholinergic, noradrenergic and serotoninergic brainstem nuclei

A

cholinergic -> reticular activation
noradrenergic -> locus coeruleus
serotoninergic -> raphe nuclei

56
Q

NA and 5HT positively modulated by (3)

A
  1. histamine
  2. bupropion
  3. cocaine
57
Q

effect of histamine on sleep

A

positively modulates NA and 5HT so increases wakefulness

58
Q

what neurons in which nucleus inhibits wakefulness

A

GABAergic neurons of ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VPLO)

59
Q

effect of gaba neurons on brainstem

A

inhibits all ach, na and 5-ht and induces sleep

60
Q

neurons responsible for NREM & REM sleep and wakefulness

A

NREM -> serotoninergic neurons
REM -> cholinergic neurons
awake -> noradrenergic neurons

61
Q

what cells are responsible for activation of the forebrain during REM sleep

A

REM-ON cells (cholinergic neurons)

62
Q

activity in which cortical regions increases during REM sleep and why

A

limbic system (like amygdala and ACC) -> high emotionality

63
Q

activity in which cortical regions decreases during REM sleep and why

A

dlPFC and PCC -> no inhibition of impulses or inappropriate social content (ex)

64
Q

why are we paralyzed in REM sleep

A

hyperpolarization of spinal cord motor neurons

65
Q

what is the reticular activation system

A

group of brainstem nuclei (LC, RN and reticular)

66
Q

NA + Ach + 5HT = which state?

A

wakefulness

67
Q

low NA + high Ach = which state?

68
Q

low NA + low Ach + high 5-HT = which state?

A

NREM sleep

69
Q

difference bw consciousness and wakefulness

A

wakefulness = not asleep
consciousness = realizing what’s going on, related to attention, info reaches cortex and having part in mind (awareness)

70
Q

other cortical states that aren’t awake or asleep (2)

A
  1. default mode network (daydreaming)
  2. central executive network (cognitive tasks)
71
Q

hypothalamic nuclei that regulate brainstem and release (a) orexin, (b) histamine, (c) gaba

A

(a) lateral hypothalamus -> wakefulness
(b) tuberomamillary nucleus -> wakefulness
(c) ventrolateral preoptic nucleus -> sleep

72
Q

why do sleep spindles occur

A

depolarization phase of slow oscillation; generated in thalamic circuits as a consequence of cortical firing

73
Q

sleep spindles are the result of the loop of activity of which neurons (3)

A
  1. cortical pyramidal cell
  2. reticular cell
  3. thalamocortical cell
74
Q

types of parasomnias (5)

A
  1. sleep walking
  2. sleep talking
  3. confusional arousals
  4. night terrors
  5. REM behavior disorder
75
Q

what causes REM behavior disorder

A

descending inhibition of motor neurons is impaired

76
Q

sleep walking, sleep talking and confusional arousals happen in which sleep stages

A

stage 3 and 4 (N3) - delta wave or deep sleep

77
Q

eeg of parasomnias when episodes are (a) short, (b) longer

A

(a) eeg doesn’t change
(b) eeg looks like active state (awake or REM pattern)

nsci 201 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions