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nsci 201 > cognitive functions and organization of the cerebral cortex > Flashcards

cognitive functions and organization of the cerebral cortex Flashcards

1
Q

what can cognition be defined as

A

anything that happens “in between” - information recombination and transformation

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2
Q

where does cognition take place

A

mostly in cortex (also in cerebellum and BG)

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3
Q

ex of cognition (5)

A
  1. memory
  2. learning
  3. attention
  4. executive functions
  5. “consciousness”
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4
Q

what is the cortex

A

wrinkled, 2D sheet of layered neurons

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5
Q

why is the cortex wrinkled

A

to fit everything

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6
Q

what can tertiary and associative cortices be defined as

A

regions of cortex where injury causes cognitive deficits that cannot be explained by impairment of sensory or motor functions alone

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7
Q

inputs of primary and higher-order sensory areas

A

primary: thalamic sensory relay nuclei (like LGN)
higher-order: other thalamic nuclei and lower-order areas of sensory cortex

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8
Q

RFs of primary and higher-order sensory areas

A

primary: small RFs
higher-order: larger RFs

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9
Q

map of neuronal arrangement in primary and higher-order sensory areas

A

primary: precise map of sensory receptor surface
higher-order: imprecise maps of array of peripheral receptors

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10
Q

effect of injury to primary and higher-order sensory areas

A

primary: simple sensory loss
higher-order: deficits of perception and cognition + intact detection of sensory stimuli

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11
Q

connectivity of primary and higher-order sensory areas with other areas

A

primary: limited connections to other cortical areas
higher-order: connected to nearby unmodal areas & distal areas in frontal and limbic lobes (far away)

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12
Q

information flow in nervous system

A

sensory organs + BG/cerebellum -> thalamus <-> sensory cortices + motor cortices + association cortices
brainstem modulatory inputs -> association cortices <-> sensory cortices + motor cortices

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13
Q

what kind of connections bw sensory or motor cortices and association cortices

A

cortico-cortical association fibers

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14
Q

how is sensory information processed; how is each modality processed

A

in series; in parallel

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15
Q

how does information change when brain areas go up in hierarchy (3)

A

information more abstract, more distant from peripheral sensors, complexity increases

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16
Q

flow of goal-directed behavior information in the frontal lobe

A

associative cortex -> M3 -> M2 -> M1 -> movement

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17
Q

flow of sensory information in the cortex

A

1 -> 2 -> 3 -> associative cortex

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18
Q

what is bottom-up processing

A

sensory -> associative cortex -> motor

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19
Q

principles of organization of functional areas in cortex (3)

A
  1. all areas fall into a few functional categories
  2. areas in a category occupy discrete, continuous portion of cortical sheet
  3. areas that are functionally related occupy neighboring sites
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20
Q

number of layers in the (a) neocortex (b) archicortex (c) paleocortex

A

(a) 6
(b) 4
(c) 3

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21
Q

organization of inputs and outputs of cortical layers

A

each layer has primary source of inputs and primary output target; each layer has different inputs and outputs

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22
Q

types of connections in layers of cortex

A
  1. vertical axis - bw layers
  2. horizontal axis - within layer (interneurons)
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23
Q

which aspects did brodmann use to organize the cortex into areas (3)

A
  1. cell density, cell size
  2. cortical thickness
  3. laminar size
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24
Q

what do brodmann’s cytoarchitecture areas represent

A

regions of the brain with similar cell type layering

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25
Q

which techniques showed that cytoarchitectonically different regions were also functionally different (3)

A
  1. neurological cases (stroke or injury)
  2. in-vivo electrophysiology in animals
  3. neurosurgical patients (penfield and MC stimulation)
26
Q

modern neuroscience studies in humans (3)

A
  1. neuropsychological testing (lesion patients)
  2. functional neuroimaging (EEG, fMRI) combined with psychological tasks
  3. neuromodulation (stimulate or inhibit while patient does psychological task)
27
Q

unique features of association cortices (3)

A
  1. thalamic nuclei (input to association cortices)
  2. information that arrives from thalamus is already processed by sensory and motor areas
  3. majority of input is from corticocortical connections
28
Q

corticocortical connections within same hemisphere and interhemispheric

A

within same hemisphere: U shaped fibers & long association fibers
interhemispheric: long association fibers through CC

29
Q

important sources of innervation to subcortical nuclei (4)

A
  1. cholinergic
  2. dopaminergic
  3. noradrenergic
  4. serotoninergic
30
Q

functional specialization of association areas (3)

A
  1. parietal - attention & perceptual awareness
  2. temporal - categorization, recognition, semantic memory
  3. frontal - planning and regulation of behavior (decision making and behavioral inhibition)
31
Q

parietal association cortex important for (2)

A
  1. attention
  2. awareness of body and stimuli around it
32
Q

parietal association cortex integrates (4)

A

somatic, visual, acoustic and vestibular sensory information

33
Q

what aspect of motor control is the parietal association cortex involved in

A

motor control of the eyes and the extremities

34
Q

intraparietal sulcus involved in control of (3)

A
  1. ocular movements
  2. reaching and grasping of the upper extremities
  3. spatial working memory
35
Q

where does intraparietal sulcus project to (3)

A

premotor area, frontal eye fields and prefrontal area

36
Q

inferior parietal lobule and precuneus project to (2)

A

parahippocampal and entorhinal cortices

37
Q

inferior parietal lobule and precuneus important for

A

long-term memory formation (hippocampal function)

38
Q

special neuron found in parietal association cortex

A

attention sensitive neurons

39
Q

lesion in parietal association cortex

A

hemineglect: lesion in right parietal lobe only, ignore everything on left side (spatial awareness)

40
Q

lateral temporal association cortex

A

auditory association cortex (including wernicke’s area)

41
Q

ventral temporal association cortex

A

‘what’ pathway -> recognition of sensory stimuli (faces, words, objects)

42
Q

lesion in ventral temporal association cortex

A

agnosia

43
Q

what is agnosia

A

see features, don’t know what it is (can’t associate meaning to object)

44
Q

what does anterior pole of temporal association cortex store (3)

A

representation of knowledge, semantic memory, meaning

45
Q

temporal association cortex strong connection to

A

limbic system -> emotion and memory

46
Q

anterior temporal association cortex lesion

A

associative agnosia -> don’t know meaning

47
Q

posterior temporal association cortex lesion

A

apperceptive agnosia -> can’t copy

48
Q

lesion in FFA (right temporal lobe)

A

prosopagnosia -> can’t recognize faces

49
Q

lesion in VWFA (left temporal lobe)

A

alexia

50
Q

highly specialized areas in ventral surface of temporal association cortex (2)

A
  1. FFA
  2. VWFA
51
Q

frontal association cortex integrates (4)

A

sensory, motor, parietal and temporal cortices

52
Q

frontal association cortex important for (4)

A
  1. appreciation of self in relation to the world
  2. selection
  3. planning
  4. execution of appropriate behavior (social context)
53
Q

damage in frontal association cortex causes

A

change in character/personality

54
Q

ex of functional deficits from lesioned frontal association cortex (4)

A
  1. cognitive disabilities
  2. impaired restraint
  3. disordered thought
  4. inability to plan appropriate action
55
Q

dorsolateral frontal association cortex important for

A

short-term memory

56
Q

what is working memory

A

information hold onto for short amount of time to use it, will forget it

57
Q

ventromedial frontal association cortex important for

A

value and decision making

58
Q

short-term memory and value + decision making are processed where in frontal association cortex

A

short-term memory -> dorsolaterally
value + decision making -> ventromedially

59
Q

orbital and ventromedial limbic association cortex connected to … and important for …

A

amygdala and hippocampus; emotional processes

60
Q

hippocampal formation of limbic association cortex important for

A

formation of long-term memories and transfers them to neocortex

61
Q

where are emotional processes and long-term memories processed in limbic association cortex

A

emotional processes -> orbital and ventromedially (amygdala and hippocampus)
long-term memories -> hippocampal formation

nsci 201 (6 decks)

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