Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the stages of memory?

A

-Sensation
-Perception (encoding into working memory)
-Working memory/Short-Term memory (desk)
-Long-Term memory (filing cabinet)

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2
Q

Two subtypes of long-term memory and define

A

-Procedural memory: how to do things. Can further be divided into skills and classical conditioning
-Declarative memories: includes semantic memory (facts) and episodic memory (things that happen in our lives, personal to us)

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3
Q

Encoding and what affects encoding

A

The process by which our perceptions of the stimuli from the environment are moved into our memory system so that we can process and store it further
-Nature of the encoding process determines what we can remember. Memory is influenced by quantity and quality
-Attention impacts the ability we encode information. More attention we pay, more deeply we process the information.

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4
Q

Craig and Tulving

A

3 conditions
1. words are capitalized (does not require attention)
2. word rhymes with a focal word (a little deeper processing
3. whether or not word could fit in a sentence given (semantic coding; deep processing)
Found people remembered things better in third condition opposed to second condition.
-Reflects the way that our processing strategy influences our memory

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5
Q

Valentine and Bruce

A

asked participants to respond whether or not recognized faces as familiar or unfamiliar.
-unfamiliar: did not really matter if faces were typical or distinctive
-familiar: people are much faster at recognizing distinctive than a typical face
may be because we spend more time paying attention to what distinctive faces are.
Distinctiveness can influence attention

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6
Q

Processing Strategies

A

-Associations
-Organization
-Rehearsal

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7
Q

Associations

A

Allows more pathways for retrieval
-Elaboration: thinking more deeply; self-referencing, visual imagery
-Organization: chunking, mnemonics (linking to well-known route).
-Rehearsal: repeating info, massed and distributed learning, testing
-massed/distributed learning: study over time
-Testing: example questions

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8
Q

What affects encoding (summed)

A

-Availability of the information
-Quality or quantity
-Attention
-Method of processing

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9
Q

Retrieval

A

Processes involved in accessing our memory
-memory is a reconstruction, it always changes every time a memory is retrieved depending on mood and our environment

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10
Q

In relation to forensics, why is the pattern of activation important?

A

Witnesses are often asked to recount what happened to them at a variety of different points in time. Every time they try to remember, what they say is often slightly different.

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11
Q

Levelling

A

We do not have cognitive capacity to take large amounts of information in at one time, story is made shorter

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12
Q

Sharpening

A

Certain details were retained very sharply

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13
Q

Shifting

A

Certain details are aligned and shifted to align with existing schemas

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14
Q

Schemas

A

Mental frameworks for the nature of events and situations we use to help us function successfully in a variety of situations.
-script.
-Can help us to remember incorrect information

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15
Q

Familiarity

A

Poor quality has little impact on recognition if there is already familiarity with someone, but if not, less likely to recognize them

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16
Q

Vicky, Bruce et al

A

CCTV footage of people in the psychology building. Showed footage to senior undergrad students (around profs a lot but not all other students). Showed videos and police lineup
-contained target present
-contained target absent: bad judgement when unfamiliar (60%).
If familiar, really good under poor viewing conditions.

17
Q

Context

A

anything and everything present at time you encoded event or person. includes mood, physical state, patterns around you.

18
Q

Godden and Badley

A

Tested on wordlists sitting on land or under water.
-Dry/Dry
-Dry/Wet
-Wet/Wet
-Wet/Dry

19
Q

Retrieval Methods

A

a. Free recall: more accurate, more information
b. cued recall: May generate more information
c. recognition: leads to most information

20
Q

Ebbinghaus Forgetting curve

A

Savings: how much information got correct/remembered
most of forgetting information happens very quickly typically within 24 hours, and almost no accurate recollection after a month.
When information is more emotionally charged or personally relevant, curve is less steep.

21
Q

Types of forgetting

A

Interference: competition of other information from other sources. two types, retroactive: new information impairs retention of previously learnt information and proactive: previously learnt information impairs retention of new information
Decay: not everything is useful to retain, a dedicated biological forgetting mechanism that occurs as we sleep
Motivated forgetting: Unconscious but purposeful suppressions of memories (avoid thinking of information)
Retrieval failure: inability to retrieve information that is encoded. Blocking(cues elicit something related that blocks proper retrieval)

22
Q

Encoding specificity

A

Retrieval cues are consistent with and distinctive to original encoding circumstance to facilitate accurate remembering
-match between cue and desired memory
-cue is distinctive

23
Q

Retrieval induced inhibition

A

Remembering one thing that causes you to forget about another

24
Q

Study - Exemplar Pairs

A

-Study-related pairs: flower and tulip. Practice retrieving pairs but only half of the pairs that they study.
A cued recall of half of the critical items after a break.
-Given free recall of flowers. may come up with practice exemplars (RP+) or unpracticed exemplars from the category they practiced (RP-) or unpracticed exemplars from the unpracticed category (NRP) to see how many words can generate.
studying something improves memory and reduces unstudied

25
Q

Crime Study

A

-Participants study a video and fill in blank about half of the events in the video, intervening task followed by free recall 24 hours later.
1. Actions: RP+ 77%, NRP 86%, RP- 54%
2.Characteristics: RP+ 86%, NRP: 36%, RP-: 22%