False Memory Flashcards
False memory
The recollection of an event that was not experienced in the past
Recollection
The subjective experience of consciously retrieving detailed information in response to a retrieval cue
False Memory Tasks
-DRM Task: Presents people with a list of words that can be associated with a non-studied word
-Misinformation task: View naturalistic events presented with false information after viewing
-Autobiographical task: Create false memories for events occurring earlier in one’s life
Imagination effect
Imagining an event that occurred increases the confidence that it occurred
Retrieval Monitoring
Search and decision processes that people use to regulate memory accuracy often relying on retrieved and metacognitive knowledge
Retrieval orientation
Ability to use different retrieval strategies to search memory for evidence of a questionable event’s occurrence.
-How we search, can be broad or specific
Specific: Selectively trigger target information and avoid irrelevant information. If it does not occur, we may assume it did not happen
Broad: Search memory for any source of relevant information, information that comes to mind is less relevant.
Retrieval Warning Effects
Make participants more or less aware of the possibility of creating false memory. May motivate a fine-grained search for specific information at retrieval.
-Motivated to engage in additional retrieval monitoring.
Describe how retrieval warning effects are effective
In study under a DRM task, participants were tested under 2 different conditions
1. Participants say yes to any item they thought they recognized
2. Participants instructed to say yes to items they recognize while also given a warning about false information.
-Group 2 showed reduced claims of remembering false items. They rely on false information and not just familiarity.
Grain-Size Selection
People’s beliefs about tasks can affect responses and influence responses through instruction
Test Format Effects
Vary the specificity of retrieval cues, influencing metacognitive awareness of different sources of information. A retrieval search
Lindsay and Johnson study
Asked participants to study a picture of a scene and read a description with false information
1. Yes or No
2. Multiple choice
-Yes or no condition is most likely to claim misinformation. Does not eliminate high confidence errors
-Makes more aware of erroneous sources that can affect retrieval orientation
Recapitulation Effects
RMS people spontaneously use during memory tests
Cognitive Interview: Increases the reliability or eyewitness testimony via a set of strategies such as mental imagery for contextual information
Jacoby and Colleagues
Tested different processing conditions
1. Semantic processing (pleasantness of word)
2. Superficial Processing (vowels)
then, differentiated between studied words and non-studied words
-Deep processing leads to greater memory of foils and memory of previous new foils under second testing condition.
People often think about encoding judgements to maintain a consistent strategy
Evaluation
The way that we judge what we retrieve. The distinctiveness of the event or item we are searching memory.
-After retrieval of information, evaluation of imperfect information as to what to remember and if evidence meets metacognitive expectations
Diagnostic Monitoring
Involves the evaluation of retrieved information one assumes the diagnostic of a prior occurrence.
