Memory

Question 1

memory A01 summary

The differences between ST and LT memory

Answer 1

The differences between ST and LT memory

Duration

STM – Peterson and Peterson, consonant syllables, Up to 18 seconds

LTM – Bahrick, year books, up to 48 years

Capacity

STM – Jacobs – 9.3 and 7.3, Miller – 7+/-2, Cowan – 4 chunks

Encoding

STM and LTM – Baddeley – STM is acoustic and LTM is semantic

Question 2

The multi-store model of memory A01 summary

Answer 2

The multi-store model of memory

Description

• 3 stores – SS, STM and LTM
• SS – v.large capacity, encoded by senses, less than 1 second duration
• STM – acoustically encoded, 7+/-2 capacity and up to 18 seconds duration
• Information flows in a linear fashion
• Input comes in from the environment to the SS, you must pay attention for it to transfer to the

STM, you must do maintenance rehearsal to keep in the STM and you must do elaborative

rehearsal to transfer to LTM

Question 3

The Working Memory Model A01 summary

Answer 3

The Working Memory Model

Description

• 5 stores – Central executive, episodic buffer, visual spatial sketchpad (slave system), phonological

loop (slave system) and the LTM

• Central executive is in control of your attention
• Visual spatial sketchpad is responsible for visual and spatial tasks
• Phonological loop is responsible for verbal and acoustic tasks
• Episodic buffer is extra storage that integrates information
• It’s difficult to do two tasks at the same time requiring the same slave system

Question 4

Types of LTM a01 summary

Answer 4

Types of LTM

1. Procedural – Memory for skills
2. Episodic – Memory for events
3. Semantic – Memory for facts/knowledge

Evidence for their existence – Tulving – brain scans study, Clive Wearing case study

Question 5

A01 summary Interference Theory

Answer 5

Interference Theory Description

• Forgetting occurs because of interference

-Two pieces of information conflict with one another

-More likely if the information is similar

-Two types

-proactive (old takes new) and retroactive (new takes old)

Question 6

a01 summary Retrieval Failure Theory

Answer 6

Retrieval Failure Theory Description
- Tulving
- Forgetting is due to an absence of cues
- Encoding specificity principle
– cues present at encoding (learning) need to be present at retrieval
- Two types of cues
– state dependent (physical and psychological) and context dependent (environmental)

Question 7

a01 summary Misleading Information

Answer 7

Misleading Information

Loftus and Palmer
– Leading Questions
- 45 students
- Watched clips of a car crash
- Answered a critical question
– ‘How fast were the cars going…’
- 5 key words
– smashed, contacted, collided, bumped, hit
- Found the highest speeds reported were in the smashed condition

Gabbert
– Post-event discussion
- Pairs of participants
- Watched a video of a crime from different perspectives
- Afterwards discussed what they had seen
- 71% reported inaccuracies
- Compared to 0% in the control group

Question 8

Anxiety A01/A03 summary (can be used as either)

Answer 8

Anxiety
- Deffenbacher – increased anxiety links to inaccurate EWT controlled studies ecological validity

• Yuille and Cutshall – Canada, gun shop robbery, increased anxiety links to more accurate EWT (weapon focus effect)
  ecological validity extraneous variables
• Johnson and Scott – waiting room, man with pen and grease, blood and knife – increased anxiety condition lead to more inaccuracies ecological validity Ethics

Question 9

Cognitive Interview Description A01

Answer 9

Cognitive Interview Description

• Police interview technique
• 4 stages
  – report everything, mentally reinstate the context, change the order, change the perspective
• Different routes lead to more accurate memories