Approaches

Question 1

behaviorism A01 summary

Answer 1

all behavior is learned through association or reinforcement

Assumptions
-observable
-Basic processes same in all species

Classical conditioning - Pavlov
-Association of NS with UCS to produce new CS and CR

Operant conditioning - Skinner
-Reinforcement positive and negative

-punishment

Question 2

SLT A01 summary

Answer 2

All behavior is learned from observing other people in social context

Assumptions
-Observable
-Basic processes same in all species

Vicarious reinforcement (Observation leads to imitation if behavior is vicariously reinforced (Bobo doll experiment))

Mediational processes: -Attention -Retention -Motor reproduction -motivation

Identification (more likely to imitate role models you identify with

Question 3

Cognitive A01 summary

Answer 3

The study of internal mental processes

Assumptions
-internal mental processes can be studied through inference

Theoretical and Computer models
-Information processing approach
-Mind is likened to a computer and applied to artificial intelligence

Role of the Schema
-Beliefs and expectations affect thoughts and behavior.
-Innate and learnt
-Mental short cut. leads to perceptual errors

Emergence of cognitive Neuroscience
-Biological structures link to mental states e.g: Boca
-Brain imaging used to read the brain

Question 4

Biological approach A01 summary

Answer 4

Everything psychological is at first biological

Genetic -Twin and family studies
Genotype + phenotype = interaction between nature and nurture
evolution -Natural selection of genes based on survival value and reproductive success

Neurochemical basis of behaviour: Neurochemical imbalances in the brain are often associated with abnormal behaviour – for instance, evidence suggests that imbalances of dopamine (a neurochemical linked with the brain’s natural ‘pleasure’ system) are associated with mood disorders such as depression

Question 5

psychodynamic approach A01 summary

Answer 5

Behaviour is determined by unconscious forces we can’t control

Role of the Unconscious- the conscious mind is the ‘tip of the iceberg’

Tripartite -In constant conflict, ego protected by defense mechanisms

Psychosexual stages- 5 stages. each with own fixation

Question 6

Humanistic approach A01 summary q

Answer 6

Emerged as the third force in psychology

Free will : people are active agents who are self determining

Self Actualization : everyone has innate tendency to want to reach their potential

Client centred therapy: The self, congruence and conditions of worth: Personal growth requires congruence between self and ideal self

Hierarchy of needs. -Maslow identified physiological deficiency needs to be satisfied before safety and self actualization

Question 7

Humanistic approach A01 summary q

Answer 7

Emerged as the third force in psychology

Free will : people are active agents who are self determining

Self Actualization : everyone has innate tendency to want to reach their potential

The self, congruence and conditions of worth: Personal growth requires congruence between self and ideal self

Hierarchy of needs. -Maslow identified physiological deficiency needs to be satisfied before safety and self actualization