Memory

Question 1

Surgery that removes one temporal lobe to help with seizures

Answer 1

Unilateral Temporal Lobectomy

Question 2

What three stages are learning and memory divided into?

Answer 2

Encoding
Storage
Retrieval

Question 3

Encoding

Answer 3

The processing of incoming information which creates memory traces

Question 4

Storage

Answer 4

The retention of memory traces and is the result of acquisition and consolidation and represents the permanent record of information

Question 5

What type of learning is the basal ganglia involved in?

Answer 5

Reinforcement Learning

Question 6

what type of learning is the cerebellum involved in?

Answer 6

Trial and error based on prediciton error signals

Question 7

Ribots Law

Answer 7

Retrograde amnesia tends to be greater for more recent events

Question 8

Medial Temporal Lobe Memory System is comprised of

Answer 8

Hippocampus
Entorhinal Cortex
Perirhinal Cortex
Parohippocampal Cortex

Question 9

Dementia

Answer 9

The umbrella term for loss of cognitive function including memory beyond what is normal in ageing

Question 10

Alzheimers accounts for what % of dementia cases?

Answer 10

60/70%

Question 11

Sensory Memory

Answer 11

Traces memories coming from our sense, typically only lasts for a few seconds

Question 12

Modal Model (1968)

Answer 12

The multi-store model is an explanation of memory proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin which assumes there are three unitary (separate) memory stores, and that information is transferred between these stores in a linear sequence.

The three main stores are the sensory memory, short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM).

Each of the memory stores differs in the way information is processed (encoding), how much information can be stored (capacity), and for how long (duration).

Information passes from store to store in a linear way, and has been described as an information processing model (like a computer) with an input, process and output.

Information is detected by the sense organs and enters the sensory memory, which stores a fleeting impression of sensory stimuli. If attended to this information enters the STM and if the information is given meaning (elaborative rehearsal) it is passed on to the LTM

Question 13

Weaknesses for the Modal Model (1968)

Answer 13

It is oversimplified especially when it suggests that that short term and long term memory both operate in a single, uniform fashion.

There are also different types of long term memories, for example there is not one store for memories on how to do subtraction that also contain the memory of your first birthday etc.

Question 14

Working Memory

Answer 14

A limited capacity store for retaining information over a short term so it can be manipulated and acted on.

Question 15

Long Term memory can be split into

Answer 15

Declarative and Non-Declarative memory

Question 16

Declarative Memory

Answer 16

memory for events which we have conscious access and can verbally report on (explicit memory)

Question 17

Episodic Memory

Answer 17

A type of declarative memory. Specific memories of events you have experiences such as the where why how etc. Differes from personal memory as you have knowledge of when you were born but not the specific memory.

Question 18

Semantic Memory

Answer 18

Objective knowledge that is factual but does not include context. Dublin is the capital of Ireland but I dont know the context of when where how i learned it.

Question 19

Non Declarative Memory

Answer 19

Not expressed verbally but expressed through performance (implicit memory)

Question 20

Where is non declarative memory based?

Answer 20

Structures such as the basal ganglia, cerebellum, amygdala and neocortex

Question 21

Procedural Memory

Answer 21

A type of non-declarative memory which is used for learning new skills such as motor skills like riding a bike.

Question 22

Procedural Memory

Answer 22

A type of non-declarative memory which is used for learning new skills such as motor skills like riding a bike.

Question 23

What structure is important for procedural memory?

Answer 23

corticobasal ganglia loops are critical for procedural learning

Question 24

Priming

Answer 24

Another form of non-declarative memory. A phenomenon whereby exposure to one stimulus influences a response to a subsequent stimulus, without conscious guidance or intention.