First Chapter thingy!!

Question 1

Bacteriorhodopsin

Answer 1

A light-sensitive protein which is used to precisely control neuronal activity by light pulses

Question 2

Cognitive Psychology

Answer 2

The study of mental activity as an information processing problem

Question 3

ischemia

Answer 3

inadequate blood supply especially in the brain

Question 4

Most common form of stroke

Answer 4

Occlusion of the normal passage of blood by a foreign substance

Question 5

Atherosclerosis

Answer 5

Fatty tissue may accumulate in the arteries leading to a stroke.

Question 6

Infarct

Answer 6

A a small localised area of dead tissue

Question 7

Aneurysm

Answer 7

A bulge in a blood vessel

Question 8

Degenerative disorders

Answer 8

are associated with genetic aberrations and environmental agents

Question 9

Edema

Answer 9

swelling in the brain

Question 10

TBI

Answer 10

Traumatic Brain Injury

Question 11

DAI

Answer 11

Diffuse axonal injury which disrupts the axonal cytoskeleton and transport

Question 12

Epilepsy

Answer 12

Excessive and abnormally patterened activity in the brain. Seizures can be confirmed by EEG when large oscillations can be seen.

Question 13

Double dissociations

Answer 13

offer the strongest neuropsychological evidence that a patient or patient group has a selective deficit in a certain cognitive function.

Question 14

Limitations of lesion approach

Answer 14

1. There is considerable variability
2. Lesions may alter the function of connected regions

Question 15

Agonist Drugs

Answer 15

Drugs have a similar structure to a neurotransmitter and mimic its actions

Question 16

Knockout Genetic Procedures

Answer 16

Specific genes can be manipulated so they are no longer expressed

Question 17

Hippocampi in PTSD

Answer 17

They have smalled Hippocampi that typical individuals.

But PTSD did not cause atrophy
A smaller hippocampi was a risk factor for developing PTSD

Question 18

DBS

Answer 18

Deep Brain Stimulation, where electrodes are implanted into brain regions for an extended period of time to modulate neuronal activity.

The electrodes deliver continuous electrical stimulation.

Question 19

Optogenectics

Answer 19

A biological techinique to control the activity of neurons with light to potentially manipulate behaviour.

Used in mice to reduce anxiety through light sensitive neurons in the amygdala.

Question 20

Noninvasive Stimulation Methods

Answer 20

Electrical or magnetic fields created on the scalp create changes in the brain

Question 21

TMS

Answer 21

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

It sends an electrical current through the brain into specific regions which inhibit or enhance brain activity.

Question 22

CAT

Answer 22

Computerised Tomography

An extension of X-Rays in which a computer constructs a 3d pic form many 2d pics

Question 23

MRI

Answer 23

Magnetic Resonance Imaging where it exploits the magnetic properties of atoms. It creates a powerful magnetic field

Question 24

DTI

Answer 24

Diffusion Tensor Imaging where an MRI scanner studies the anatomical structure of the axon tracts that forms the brain’s white matter

It measures the motion of water in axons and reveal the major white matter tracts

Question 25

Single Cell Neurophysiology

Answer 25

Measuring the action potential of a single cell

The goal is to see if manipulations produce a consistent change in the response rate of the cell compared to baseline activity.

Question 26

Raster Plot

Answer 26

Shows data of neuron activity from many trials

Question 27

Peristimulus histogram

Answer 27

A bar graph that shows the average response of the neuron over a trial

Question 28

Multiunit Recording

Answer 28

Recording the activity of many neurons at once. (Over 400 at times)

Question 29

ECoG

Answer 29

Electrocorticography, is when a strip of electrodes are placed directly on the surface of the brain

Question 30

EEG

Answer 30

Electroencephalography, when non-invasive electrodes are placed on the scalp. Not as good as ECoG but does not require brain surgery

Question 31

ERP

Answer 31

Event Related Potential, is a tiny signal embedded in the EEG triggered by a stimulus or movement

Are best at addressing questions about the time course of cognition, rather than to localise the brain structures that produce electrical events

Question 32

MEG

Answer 32

Magnetoencephalography measures the magnetic fields produced by the brain’s electrical activity that is parallel to the surface of the skull.

Very expensive as the magnetic fields are weak so the room needs to be magnetically shielded.

Question 33

Hemodynamic Response

Answer 33

The change of blood levels in regions in the brain

Question 34

PET

Answer 34

Positron Emission Tomography

Uses radioactive-labeled compounds to measure local variations in cerebral blood that are correlated with neural activity

A common isotope is oxygen-15 and is administered in water

The results are reported as a change in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF)

Question 35

fMRI

Answer 35

Focuses on th magnetic propeties of deoxygenated form of hemoglobin. It measures the ratio or the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD)

Question 36

MRS

Answer 36

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, a tool to obtain information about the chemical composition of tissues. Added onto an MRI machine

Question 37

Pittsburgh Compound B

Answer 37

PiB, a biomarker that PET scans can pick up which can be useful in the diagnosis of Alzheimers

Question 38

Simulation

Answer 38

an imitation of a behaviour in another medium