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Cog Neuroscience > Language > Flashcards

Language Flashcards

1
Q

Areas surrounding the sylvian fissure

A

Wernicke’s Area,
Parts of the anterior and lateral temporal lobe
Inferior Parietal Lobe
Inferior Frontal Cortex

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2
Q

Left Perisylvian Language Network

A

The areas described in the sylvian fissure connected by white matter tracts

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3
Q

Right Superior Temporal Sulcus in language

A

Plays a role in processing the rhythm of languages

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4
Q

Aphasia

A

Refers to the collective deficits in language comprehension and production

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5
Q

Dysarthia

A

Aphasia caused by not a brain lesion but a loss of control over articulatory muscles

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6
Q

Apraxia

A

Deficits in the motor planning of articulations (you know what you want to say but cannot)

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7
Q

Anomia

A

A form of aphasia with an inability to name objects

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8
Q

Broca’s Aphasia

A

Caused by damage to Brodmann Areas 44 and 45, now called Broca’s Area. Difficulty speaking

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9
Q

Story of Broca’s Area

A

Broca found a lesion in a patient in Broca’s Area and the guy could only say the word ‘tan’.

There was damage to areas around Broca’s Area also so it is not solely responsible

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10
Q

Agrammatic Aphasia

A

Deficits related to syntax like how sentences are made.

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11
Q

Wernickes Aphasia

A

(Posterior Aphasia or Receptive Aphasia)

Language or comprehension deficits. Difficulties understanding language including written stuff.

Damage to Wernicke’s area only causes temporary problems, whereas damage or swelling to the areas around Wernickes area cause more problems

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12
Q

Conduction Aphasia

A

Caused by a disconnection of Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas

Understand words they hear/see and can hear their own speech errors but not correct them. They also have problems producing spontaneous speech as well as repeating speech and sometimes using words incorrectly

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13
Q

How does conductive aphasia happen?

A

Damage to the large neural fiber tract that connects the two speech areas, the arcuate fasciculus

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14
Q

Mental Lexicon

A

A store of information about words, including semantic information (meaning), syntactic information (how words form to make a sentence) and the detail of word forms (spellings and sound patterns)

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15
Q

Semantic Paraphasias

A

Patients with Wernicke’s Aphasia make these errors. For example they may say horse instead of cow

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16
Q

What are the three general functions involved in mental lexicons

A

Lexical Access
Lexical Selection
Lexical Integration

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17
Q

Lexical Access

A

The stage of processing where the output of perceptual analysis activates word-form representations (semantic and syntactic attributes)

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18
Q

Lexical Selection

A

The stage in which identification of the representation that best matches the input is selected

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19
Q

Lexical Integration

A

The stage in which words are integrated into full sentence or larger context to facilitate the understanding the whole message

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20
Q

Morphemes

A

The smallest meaningful unit of representation.
In the word ‘defrost’, ‘frost’ is the morpheme as the de can be taken away

21
Q

Phoneme

A

a phoneme is a unit of sound that can distinguish one word from another in a particular language, (the p in TAP can change it from TAP to TAB)

22
Q

Besides morphemes and phonemes what two other organizing principles of the mental lexicon exist?!?!

A

Words that are used more frequently are accessed more quickly than less frequently used words

Represenations in the mental lexicon are organised based on semantic relationships between words

23
Q

Semantic Dementia

A

Show impairments in the conceptual system, but other mental and language abilities are spared

For example they have difficulty assigning objects to a semantic category.

They also tend to name a category instead of a specific thing (saying animal instead of pig)

24
Q

Patients with progressive semantic dementia have damage where

A

Progressive damage to the temporal lobes, mostly on the left hand side

25
Q

Patients had difficulty naming specific things (tiger) but not general (living) with damage to what part?

A

Anterior temporal lobe lesions

26
Q

From EEG and MEG studies what part of the brain is important for sound perception?

A

Superior Temporal Cortex

27
Q

Pure Word deafness

A

Problems restricted to primarily auditory or phonemic deificts

comprehension of spoken language is grossly disturbed, but the abilities to speak, read, write, and process nonverbal auditory stimuli remain intact.

28
Q

Hesychl’s Gyri contains the __________ and the surrounding areas are coined the __________

A

Primary Auditory Cortex

Auditory Association Cortex

29
Q

The pathway for auditory word recognition

A

Auditory Cortex
Superior Temporal Gyrus
Middle Temporal Gyrus
Inferior Temporal Gyrus
Angular Gyrus

30
Q

The Auditory Association Cortex is sensitive to ____

A

Both speech and non-speech sounds. No distinction is made between these here

31
Q

Oliver Selfridge Pandemonium Model

A

A model about how visual stimuli are processed.

Each stage has demons that represent discrete stages of information processing

Different groups of demons work together to process visual stimuli

32
Q

Image Demon

A

Records the image that is received in the retina

33
Q

Feature Demon

A

Many different types of feature demons that detect a feature, for example, a demon for straight lines, or a demon for curved lines

The vertical line feature demon is used to represent the neurons that respond to the vertical lines in the retina image

34
Q

Cognitive Demons

A

Responsible for a specific pattern, such as a letter in the alphabet

35
Q

Decision Demon

A

Listens to the yelling of the cognitive demons and selects the loudest cognitive demon which becomes our conscious perception

36
Q

McClelland and Rumelhart Model

A

There are three levels of representation.
A feature layer (features of the letters or words)
A letter layer (layer for letters)
A word representation layer

37
Q

Differences between them

A

It allows top down information to influence earlier processes and that several letters can be processed at once

38
Q

Alexia

A

Inability to read words with no other language deficits

39
Q

The identification of letters and other symbols takes place where !??!

A

The Occipitotemporal region in the left hemisphere
Regions here are preferentially activated by letter strings compared to faces.

These regions are called the VISUAL WORD FORM AREA (VWFA)

Reproducible across cultures

40
Q

Modular Model of language comprehension

A

Normal language comprehension is executed within separate and independent units.

The flow is bottom up as higher level representations cannot influence lower level ones

41
Q

Interactive Models

A

All types of info can participate in word recognition. Context can have its influence even before sensory information is available

42
Q

Hybrid Models

A

Lexical access is autonomous and influence by higher level information but that lexical selection may be influence by sensory and higher level contextual informatuon

43
Q

Syntactic Parsing

A

A building process that does not rely on retrieval of sentences in the brain but assisgning syntactic structure to words in sentences.

44
Q

N400 Wave

A

A brainwave sensitive to semantic aspects of words.\

The wave was higher was sentences ended with an anomalous word (He spread the bread with his SOCK)

In aphasic patients with severe comprehension deficits, the N400 was reduced and delayed.

45
Q

P600 Response (Syntactic Positive Shift)

A

Observed about 600ms after words that were incongruous with the expected syntactic structure.

Has to do with grammar and syntactics while the N400 wave is about semantical

46
Q

A model for language divides it into three components of ____

A

Memory

Unification

Control

47
Q

Memory in the language model

A

Linguistic knowledge which are the building blocks of language

Temporal lobes are involved in this

48
Q

Unification in the language model

A

Integration of phonological, semantic and syntactic information into a complete word

THe frontal areas of the brain are involved in this, including the Left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG) which includes Broca’s area

49
Q

Control in the language model

A

Using language in a social situation. Cognitive control must play a role in this, like the ACC and the dlPFC

Cog Neuroscience (9 decks)

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