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VCE Psychology Unit 3&4 > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of learning?

A

Relatively permanent change in behaviour due to experience

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2
Q

What is the definition of memory?

A

An active process that receives, organises, stores and recovers information when needed.

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3
Q

What is synaptic plasticity?

A

The ability of a synapse to change over time in order to become more efficient

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4
Q

What is long term potentiation

A

The long term strengthening of synaptic connections

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5
Q

What’s the role of LTP

A

To create more effective synaptic transmission

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6
Q

What is long term depression?

A

The long term weakening of synaptic connections

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7
Q

What is the role of LTD?

A

To create less effective synaptic transmission

This makes room to form new memories

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8
Q

What is synaptogenesis?

A

The formation of synapses between neurons

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9
Q

What is a key difference between neurotransmitters and neurohormones

A
  1. NT released at the synapse, NH released into the bloodstream
  2. NTs can only act as NTs, NH can act as both NT or NH
  3. NT message travels quicker than NH (less distance to travel)
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10
Q

Does adrenaline play a role in forming memories?

A

Yes, adrenaline plays a critical role in consolidating memories which are stressful or emotionally arousing.

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11
Q

What is consolidation?

A

The process of making newly formed memories stable after learning

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12
Q

What is the role of the amygdala?

A

Consolidation of implicit memories with emotional components

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13
Q

What is the role of the cerebellum (in forming memory)

A

Encodes implicit memories created by classical conditioning, requiring motor control, coordination and balance

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14
Q

What is stored in the cerebral cortex

A

Declarative and procedural memories

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15
Q

What is the role of the hippocampus

A

Encodes explicit memories from STM to LTM

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16
Q

What is the role of the prefrontal cortex in memory.

A

Processes STM so they can be sent to the appropriate lobe and linked to LTM

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17
Q

Which part of the brain is responsible for spatial memories?

A

Parietal lobe

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18
Q

Which part of the brain is responsible for facial recognition?

A

Occipital lobe

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19
Q

What part of the brain is responsible for auditory information of language?

A

Temporal lobe

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20
Q

What is brain trauma?

A

Physical damage to the brain that results in emotional, physical, or behavioural dysfunction

21
Q

What is included in post operative cognitive decline?

A

Impairment of memory
Impaired concentration
Impaired language comprehension

22
Q

What is the role of the left brain

A

Analytic thought
Logic
Language
Science and math

23
Q

What is the role of the right brain?

A

Holistic thought
Intuition
Creativity
Art and music

24
Q

How does amnesia occur?

A

Damage to the hippocampus and surrounding areas

25
Q

What is anterograde amnesia

A

The inability to form new long term memories

26
Q

What is retrograde amnesia

A

Inability to retrieve previously stored memories (can encode memories but can’t retrieve)

27
Q

What is Alzheimer’s disease?

A

An incurable and degenerative disease that results from a loss of neurons in the hippocampus and causes memory loss and personality change

28
Q

What are some symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease

A

Memory loss (declarative memories)
Personality change
Confusion and disorientation
Repetition

29
Q

How does Alzheimer’s effect the brains physiology?

A 
Cortical shrinkage 
Amyloid plaques 
Tangles
Decrease in acetylcholine
Atrophy
30
Q

What is an amyloid plaque?

A

The area between the neurons turning hard, preventing communication between synapses

31
Q

What is acetylcholine

A

Neurotransmitter responsible for forming memories

32
Q

What is atrophy

A

The wasting away of brain tissue

33
Q

What are context dependant cues?

A

Sensory cues that occured where memories occured, which in future help to retrieve memory

34
Q

What are state dependant cues?

A

The internal physiological and psychological cues that occured at the time of memory formation that act as retrieval cues

35
Q

What is maintenance rehearsal

A

Simple repetition of information to make sure it is held in STM for longer than 12-30 seconds

36
Q

What is elaborative rehearsal?

A

Connects new information to information already stored in LTM in a meaningful way

37
Q

What are the 4 methods of retention?

A

Recall
Retrieval
Relearning
Reconstruction

38
Q

What is recall?

A

Reproduction of information with a minimal amount of cues

39
Q

What are the 3 levels of recall?

A

Free recall
Cued recall
Serial recall

40
Q

What is free recall?

A

Recalling of info in no particular order with little to no cues

41
Q

What is cued recall?

A

Various prompts are used to assist in retrieval of information

42
Q

What is serial recall?

A

Recalling information in the order it was presented

43
Q

What is the easiest form of recall?

A

Cued recall

44
Q

What is the hardest form of recall?

A

Serial recall

45
Q

What is recognition?

A

Identifying the correct information from alternatives e.g. multiple choice questions

46
Q

Which is harder, recognition or recall?

A

Recall

47
Q

What is relearning

A

Learning information again to assess how much of it was “saved” since the last time it was visited

48
Q

List the measures of retention from least to most sensitive

A

Recall = least sensitive (most effort)
Recognition
Relearning = most sensitive (least effort)

49
Q

What is the Elizabeth Loftus known for?

A

Her research into leading questions and their manipulation of memories

VCE Psychology Unit 3&4 (8 decks)

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