Learning

Question 1

What characterizes classical conditioning?

Answer 1

Passive learning that occurs through the repeated association of 2 or more stimuli to produce an involuntary response.

Question 2

What are the 5 main abbreviations of classical conditioning?

Answer 2

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) 
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS) 
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Conditioned Response (CS)

Question 3

What is an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?

Answer 3

A stimulus that consistently produces an automatic response without having to learn

Question 4

What is an Unconditioned Response (UCR)?

Answer 4

A response which occurs automatically when the unconditioned stimulus is presented.

Question 5

What is a conditioned stimulus (CS)?

Answer 5

A stimulus which initially doesn’t produce a response

Question 6

What is a neutral stimulus (NS)?

Answer 6

The name of the conditioned stimulus before it becomes conditioned.

Question 7

What is a conditioned response (CR)?

Answer 7

The learned response that is produced by the conditioned stimulus

Question 8

What is extinction?

Answer 8

When the UCS and CS are not presented together, so the conditioned response no longer occurs

Question 9

What is spontaneous recovery?

Answer 9

The reappearance of a conditioned response after extinction.

Question 10

What is stimulus generalisation?

Answer 10

When a stimulus that is similar to (but not the same as) the conditioned stimulus produces a response.

Question 11

What is stimulus discrimination?

Answer 11

When an individual only responds to the conditioned stimulus, and no other stimuli that may be similar

Question 12

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 12

The likelihood of a behaviour being repeated is determined by the consequence of that behaviour.

Question 13

What are the 3 phases of operant conditioning?

Answer 13

Antecedent
Behaviour
Consequence

Question 14

What is an antecedent?

Answer 14

a reason to perform a behaviour

Question 15

What is a behaviour?

Answer 15

The “doing” of an action

Question 16

What is a consequence?

Answer 16

The outcome of a behaviour

Question 17

What is reinforcement?

Answer 17

Increasing the likelihood of a response to a stimulus

Question 18

What is positive reinforcement?

Answer 18

A stimulus which strengthens the frequency of a response by adding a pleasant consequence

Question 19

What is negative reinforcement?

Answer 19

Strengthening a desired behaviour by removing an unpleasant stimulus

Question 20

What is punishment?

Answer 20

A stimulus that is unpleasant and decreases the likelihood of a behaviour recurring.

Question 21

What is positive punishment?

Answer 21

A response is weakened by providing an unpleasant stimulus.

Question 22

What is a response cost/negative punishment?

Answer 22

A response being weakened by removing a pleasant consequence.

Question 23

What is observational learning?

Answer 23

Learning which occurs by watching another person and observing their consequences following a behaviour.

Question 24

What are the 5 elements of observational learning?

Answer 24

Attention
Retention
Reproduction
Motivation
Reinforcement

Question 25

What is attention as a cognitive element?

Answer 25

Actively watching a model (person displaying a behaviour)

Question 26

What is retention as a cognitive process?

Answer 26

Storing a mental representation of a models behaviour and consequences.

Question 27

What is reproduction as a cognitive process?

Answer 27

Having the ability to perform a behaviour.

Question 28

What is motivation as a cognitive process?

Answer 28

Having the desire to perform a behaviour

Question 29

What is reinforcement as a cognitive process?

Answer 29

Having a positive outcome means an individual will repeat a behaviour.

Question 30

What is the difference between individuals when learning via classical/operant conditioning?

Answer 30

During classical conditioning the individual is passive

During operant conditioning the individual is active