Learning Flashcards
What characterizes classical conditioning?
Passive learning that occurs through the repeated association of 2 or more stimuli to produce an involuntary response.
What are the 5 main abbreviations of classical conditioning?
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) Unconditioned Response (UCR) Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Neutral Stimulus (NS) Conditioned Response (CS)
What is an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?
A stimulus that consistently produces an automatic response without having to learn
What is an Unconditioned Response (UCR)?
A response which occurs automatically when the unconditioned stimulus is presented.
What is a conditioned stimulus (CS)?
A stimulus which initially doesn’t produce a response
What is a neutral stimulus (NS)?
The name of the conditioned stimulus before it becomes conditioned.
What is a conditioned response (CR)?
The learned response that is produced by the conditioned stimulus
What is extinction?
When the UCS and CS are not presented together, so the conditioned response no longer occurs
What is spontaneous recovery?
The reappearance of a conditioned response after extinction.
What is stimulus generalisation?
When a stimulus that is similar to (but not the same as) the conditioned stimulus produces a response.
What is stimulus discrimination?
When an individual only responds to the conditioned stimulus, and no other stimuli that may be similar
What is operant conditioning?
The likelihood of a behaviour being repeated is determined by the consequence of that behaviour.
What are the 3 phases of operant conditioning?
Antecedent
Behaviour
Consequence
What is an antecedent?
a reason to perform a behaviour
What is a behaviour?
The “doing” of an action
What is a consequence?
The outcome of a behaviour
What is reinforcement?
Increasing the likelihood of a response to a stimulus
What is positive reinforcement?
A stimulus which strengthens the frequency of a response by adding a pleasant consequence
What is negative reinforcement?
Strengthening a desired behaviour by removing an unpleasant stimulus
What is punishment?
A stimulus that is unpleasant and decreases the likelihood of a behaviour recurring.
What is positive punishment?
A response is weakened by providing an unpleasant stimulus.
What is a response cost/negative punishment?
A response being weakened by removing a pleasant consequence.
What is observational learning?
Learning which occurs by watching another person and observing their consequences following a behaviour.
What are the 5 elements of observational learning?
Attention Retention Reproduction Motivation Reinforcement
What is attention as a cognitive element?
Actively watching a model (person displaying a behaviour)
What is retention as a cognitive process?
Storing a mental representation of a models behaviour and consequences.
What is reproduction as a cognitive process?
Having the ability to perform a behaviour.
What is motivation as a cognitive process?
Having the desire to perform a behaviour
What is reinforcement as a cognitive process?
Having a positive outcome means an individual will repeat a behaviour.
What is the difference between individuals when learning via classical/operant conditioning?
During classical conditioning the individual is passive
During operant conditioning the individual is active
