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Cognitive > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What is explicit memory?

A

Episodic and semantic , conscious memories (declarative)

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2
Q

What is implicit memory?

A

Procedure memory, priming and classical conditioning, unconscious memories.

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3
Q

What is consolidation?

A

The transformation of new memories from fragile state to more permanent state.

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4
Q

What is the serial position curve?

A

The results from the serial position effect, a dip in the middle of the curve due to a primacy (beginning) and recency (end) effect.

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5
Q

What is recognition memory?

A

Identification of a previously encountered stimulus.

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6
Q

What is the difference between sensory coding and working memory encoding?

A

Sensory coding is information going into the sensory memory and working memory, encoding is consolidating that information into the STM or LTM.

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7
Q

What is visual coding?

A

Holding an image in the mind to remember and recall the visual pattern.

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8
Q

What is auditory coding?

A

Recalling a tune just heard, long term is recalling whole songs.

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9
Q

What is HM case?

A

Damaged hippocampus STM but unable to transfer to LTM, struggled with episodic information.

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10
Q

What is KF case?

A

Impaired STM able to form and hold new memories

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11
Q

What is involved in episodic memory?

A

Involves mental time travel, tied to personal experience , self knowing . Partially overlaps with autobiographical memory.

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12
Q

What is involved in semantic memory?

A

Does not involve mental time travel, general knowledge, just knowing things but not having an experience of it, often results from episodic memory.

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13
Q

What is autobiographic memory?

A

Peoples memories from their own life, made up of semantic and episodic memory but only information about self.

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14
Q

What is the difference between familiarity and recollection?

A

Familiarity is connected to semantic memory and recollection is episodic as the person can remember the even since it is an episodic.

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15
Q

What is the constructive episodic simulation hypothesis?

A

Episodic memory are extracted and recombined to create simulations of future events or things we personally haven’t experienced, helps us to anticipate suture needs and guide future behaviours, adaptive function similar to mind wandering.

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16
Q

What is priming?

A

The introduction of one stimulus aters how we perceive another stimulus.

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17
Q

What are the factors that aid encoding?

A

Visual imagery, self reference effect, generation effect, organising to be remembered information, retrieval practice and drawing.

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18
Q

What is retreival?

A

The process of transferring information from LTM back into working conscious memory, most vulnerable process of memory.

19
Q

What are the two types of retrieval tests?

A

Free recall- just asked to recall something.

Cue recall- presented with a cue to aid the recall.

20
Q

What is the encoding specificity principle?

A

The idea that if knowledge is retrieved in the same environment it was encoded it will be retrieved more accurately.

21
Q

How did Baddely support the encoding specificity principle?

A

Using divers and office study found recall was better despite environment as long as it was the same as encoding.

22
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

loss of memory for events prior to the trauma

23
Q

What is graded amnesia?

A

memory for recent events is more fragile than for remote events.

24
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

Inability to form new long term memories for events after trauma. E.g. HM.

25
Q

What are the factors that affect memory consolidation?

A

Sleep- no interference of stimulus therefore consolidation is enhanced.

26
Q

What are the ways to effective study in regard to memory?

A

Elaboration when learning.
Generate questions and self test.
Organize knowledge.
Take breaks.

27
Q

What is the spacing effect?

A

Memory is better for multiple short study sessions and consolidation is enhanced by sleeping after studying.

28
Q

What is synaptic consolidation?

A

Rapid and occurs at the synapse.

29
Q

What is system consolidation?

A

Over time the connections between the cortex and hippocampus fade from being initially strong.
Activity occurs called reactivation.
Connections are formed between cortical areas and connections between the cortex and hippocampus are weakened and vanish.

30
Q

What is long term potential?

A

Strengthening of synaptic transmission by enhanced firing of neurons after repeated stimulation. Structural changes and enhanced responding.

31
Q

Why are emotional events remembered the best?

A

Because of flashbulb memory, because of enhanced brain consolidation in the amygdala. More vivid due to the emotions attached.
If it is a national event news and word of mouth rehearse the information

32
Q

What are engrams?

A

Physical traces of memory that initiate in the hippocampus when memories are saved, they they consolidate into knowledge networks in the cortex.

33
Q

What is the constructive nature of memory?

A

That memory can be influenced by inferences that people make based on expectations, experiences and knowledge.

34
Q

What is a pragmatic inference?

A

Knowledge based on being gained through experience.

35
Q

What are the advantages of making infefrences?

A

Allows us to fill in the blanks and have cognition

36
Q

What are the disadvantages of making inferences?

A

Sometimes it can be incorrect

37
Q

What is a script?

A

What we know about the sequence of actions occurred during a particular experience. E.g. going to a shop or restaurant.

38
Q

What is source memory?

A

Process of determining origins of our memories.

39
Q

What is source monitoring error?

A

Mis identifying source of memory

40
Q

What is cryptomnesia?

A

We remember something has been invented but we don’t know who or why, unconscious plagiarism.

41
Q

What does repetition do to enhanced probability?

A

It is the idea that if something is repeated enough then it will be liked or believed.

42
Q

What is the misinformation effect?

A

Misleading information presented after someone witness an even can change how the person later describes the event.

43
Q

What is misleading postevent information?

A

The idea that after an event memory is not as perfect as it seems. E.g. eye witness testimony.

Cognitive (15 decks)

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