Memory Flashcards
Alzheimer?s disease
a neurodegenerative disease that involves the progressive loss of neurons in the brain and is characterised by memory decline p. 219
Amygdala
a brain structure involved in encoding and consolidating emotionally charged memories p. 205
Amyloid plaques
fragments of the protein beta-amyloid that accumulate into insoluble plaques that inhibit communication between neurons p. 220
Anterograde amnesia
a condition where new explicit memories cannot be effectively consolidated after trauma to the hippocampus p. 219
Atkinson-Shiffrin multi-store model of memory
a model of memory which outlines the flow of information in memory formation and retrieval through three separate stores of memory; sensory, short-term and long-term, each of which have a different function, capacity and duration p. 195
Classically conditioned memory
a type of implicit memory which involves an involuntary response, such as fear, to a stimulus which has repeatedly been associated with an emotionally arousing stimulus p. 204
Context dependent cues
stimuli in the physical environment where a memory is recalled that act as a prompt to retrieve memories formed in that environment p. 224
Cued recall
retrieving information from memory with the use of a prompt p. 231
Echoic memory
a type of sensory memory which temporarily stores auditory information p. 195
Elaborative rehearsal
encoding new information by meaningfully linking it to information already stored in long-term memory to enhance its storage and later retrieval p. 225
Encoding
the process of converting raw information from stimuli into a useable form which can be stored in the brain p. 195
Episodic memory
a type of explicit memory which involves a personal experience or event p. 203
Explicit memory
(also known as declarative memory) a type of long-term memory that can be consciously retrieved p. 203
Eye-witness testimony
an account given by an individual of an event they have directly observed p. 237
Free recall
retrieving information from memory in any order without the use of a prompt p. 231
Hippocampus
a brain structure which encodes explicit memories p. 205
Iconic memory
a type of sensory memory which temporarily stores visual information p. 195
Implicit memory
(also known as non-declarative memory) a type of long-term memory that is retrieved unconsciously p. 203
Leading questions
questions that contain information that imply or prompt a certain response p. 237
Long-term memory
store of memory in which a potentially unlimited amount of information is stored for a relatively permanent amount of time p. 197
Maintenance rehearsal
repeating new information over and over again to functionally enhance the duration of short-term memory and transfer information to long-term memory p. 225
Memory
the process of encoding, storing and retrieving learned information p. 195
Neurofibrillary tangles
an accumulation of the protein tau that forms insoluble tangles within neurons, which then inhibit the transport of essential substances throughout the neuron, eventually killing the neuron entirely p. 220
Primacy effect
enhanced recall of information presented at the beginning of a list due to this information being rehearsed and transferred into long term memory p. 226
Procedural memory
a type of implicit memory which involves knowing how to carry out tasks, facilitated by motor skills p. 203
Recall
a method of retrieving information from memory p. 231
Recency effect
enhanced recall of information presented at the end of a list due to this information remaining in short term memory p. 226
Recognition
identifying information from memory amongst a list of alternatives p. 232
Reconstruction
the process of reproducing and piecing together information from memory in an attempt to form a coherent representation of a past event or stimuli p. 233
Retention
the second stage of observational learning. The learner must create a mental representation and remember (retain) the behaviour the model has demonstrated p. 180
Retrieval
accessing information which has previously been stored in the brain p. 195
Retrieval cue
stimuli that act as a prompt to access information from long-term memory p. 224
Semantic memory
a type of explicit memory which consists of general knowledge or facts p. 203
Sensory memory
store of memory which very briefly stores raw information detected by the senses such as sight, hearing and touch p. 195
Serial position effect
a tendency for free recall to be superior for items at the end and beginning of a list compared to items in the middle p. 226
Serial recall
retrieving information from memory in the order in which it was first encoded p. 231
Short-term memory
(also known as working memory) store of memory which holds information that is consciously being attended to and actively manipulated p. 196
State dependent cues
aspects of an individual?s psychological and physiological experience at the time a memory was formed that later act as a prompt to retrieve that memory p. 224
Storage
retaining converted information so it can be accessed and used in the future p. 195
