Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

Acquisition

A

when a response or behaviour is first learned p. 157

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2
Q

Antecedent

A

a stimulus that causes a voluntary behaviour to occur p. 171

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3
Q

Attention

A

the first stage of observational learning. Learners must actively focus on the model in order to learn p. 180

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4
Q

Behaviour

A

a voluntary action in response to an antecedent p. 171

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5
Q

Classical conditioning

A

a model of learning in which organisms learn through the involuntary association of two or more stimuli p. 154, 432

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6
Q

Conditioned emotional responses

A

an emotional response to a stimulus that doesn?t naturally produce that response, learned through the process of classical conditioning p. 165

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7
Q

Conditioned response (CR)

A

a response caused by the conditioned stimulus p. 155

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8
Q

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

a stimulus that elicits a response due to its being paired with an unconditioned stimulus p. 155

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9
Q

Consequence

A

an event following an action that makes it either more or less likely to occur again p. 171

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10
Q

Extinction

A

when a learned response or behaviour no longer occurs for an extended period of time p. 157, 173

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11
Q

Model

A

the individual who is performing the behaviour that is being watched/ observed p.179

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12
Q

Motivation

A

the fourth stage of observational learning. The learner must want to reproduce the behaviour in order for learning to occur p. 181

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13
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

when a stimulus is removed in order to encourage a behaviour to occur again p. 172

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14
Q

Neutral stimulus (NS)

A

a stimulus that does not initially elicit a response p. 155

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15
Q

Observational learning

A

(also known as social learning, vicarious conditioning, or modelling) a type of learning that occurs through watching the actions of a model and the consequences that their actions receive p. 179

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16
Q

Operant conditioning

A

learning through the association of a behaviour and the consequence it receives p. 170, 433

17
Q

Positive punishment

A

when a stimulus is added in order to discourage a behaviour from occurring again p. 172

18
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

when a stimulus is added in order to encourage a behaviour to occur again p. 172

19
Q

Punishment

A

(also known as positive punishment) a type of consequence that makes the behaviour less likely to occur again p. 172

20
Q

Reinforcement

A

a type of consequence that makes the behaviour more likely to occur again p. 172, 181

21
Q

Relearning

A

learning information another time after having already learned this information in the past p. 232

22
Q

Reproduction

A

the third stage of observational learning. The learner must have the physical and mental capabilities to reproduce the observed behaviour p. 180

23
Q

Response cost

A

Negative punishment & when a stimulus is removed in order to discourage a behaviour occurring again p. 172

24
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

the return of a previously extinguished learned response or behaviour p. 157, 173

25
Q

Stimulus discrimination

A

the process in which an organism only demonstrates a certain response or behaviour to the stimulus it was first acquired in response to p. 158, 173

26
Q

Stimulus generalisation

A

a process in which the learner demonstrates a response or behaviour to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus or antecedent p. 158, 173

27
Q

Unconditioned response (UCR)

A

a natural (unlearned) behaviour to a given stimulus p. 155

28
Q

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

A

a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response p. 155

29
Q

Voluntary response

A

an action coordinated by the body that is performed with conscious control and intention p. 70