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VCE Psychology 3/4 > Exam Revision > Flashcards

Exam Revision Flashcards

This deck covers ALL of the key terms that you will need to know for the Unit 3 and 4 Psychology Exam. I would recommend writing down your answers on a sheet of paper to keep yourself accountable. The page numbers align to the Edrolo textbook. Have fun!

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1
Q

Acculturative stress

A

stress that results from the challenges presented by adapting to a new and foreign culture p.103

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2
Q

Accuracy

A

the precision with which a person completes a task p. 269

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3
Q

Acquisition

A

when a response or behaviour is first learned p. 157

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4
Q

Action potential

A

the neural message, in the form of an electrical impulse, sent down the axon of a neuron when certain conditions are met p. 86

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5
Q

Action stage

A

during this stage the individual has made distinct behaviour change for less than six months p. 462

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6
Q

Adequate diet

A

a diet in which a person is provided with the nutrients and energy required to function healthily and effectively p. 455

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7
Q

Adequate sleep

A

having enough and the right type of uninterrupted REM and NREM sleep in order to function healthily and effectively p. 455

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8
Q

Adrenaline

A

(also known as epinephrine) a neurohormone that increases physiological arousal and contributes to the consolidation of emotionally arousing memories p. 143

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9
Q

Adversity

A

the experience of a difficult or distressing situation p. 454

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10
Q

Affect

A

the expression of emotions p. 319

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11
Q

Agonist

A

a type of drug that imitates neurotransmitters and works to initiate a neural response (excitatory or inhibitory) when it binds to the receptor sites of a neuron p. 439

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12
Q

Aim

A

a statement outlining the purpose of the study p. 3

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13
Q

Alarm reaction

A

the first stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome which involves the body?s initial decline and then rise in arousal to a stressor p. 109

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14
Q

Allocation

A

the process of assigning participants to conditions in the experiment for the research p. 19

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15
Q

Alpha waves

A

medium sized brain waves with medium-high frequency and low-medium amplitude, indicating an alert but relaxed state p. 276

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16
Q

Altered states of consciousness (ASC)

A

a state of consciousness that is characterised by different levels of awareness as compared to normal waking consciousness p. 254

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17
Q

Alzheimer?s disease

A

a neurodegenerative disease that involves the progressive loss of neurons in the brain and is characterised by memory decline p. 219

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18
Q

Amplified emotional response

A

disproportionate emotional reactions in response to an event or stimuli p. 319

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19
Q

Amplitude

A

a measurement indicating the intensity of an electric current in the brain, visually represented as the height of the wave peaks p. 275

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20
Q

Amygdala

A

a brain structure involved in encoding and consolidating emotionally charged memories p. 205

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21
Q

Amyloid plaques

A

fragments of the protein beta-amyloid that accumulate into insoluble plaques that inhibit communication between neurons p. 220

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22
Q

Antagonist

A

a type of drug that works to prevent a neural response (excitatory or inhibitory) by blocking the receptor sites of a neuron p. 439

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23
Q

Antecedent

A

a stimulus that causes a voluntary behaviour to occur p. 171

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24
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

a condition where new explicit memories cannot be effectively consolidated after trauma to the hippocampus p. 219

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25
Q

Anxiety

A

a psychological and physiological response that involves feelings of worry and apprehension p. 424

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26
Q

Appraisal

A

an assessment or evaluation p. 115

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27
Q

Approach strategies

A

coping strategies which confront the source of the stressor p. 123

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28
Q

Atkinson-Shiffrin multi-store model of memory

A

a model of memory which outlines the flow of information in memory formation and retrieval through three separate stores of memory; sensory, short-term and long-term, each of which have a different function, capacity and duration p. 195

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29
Q

Attention

A

the first stage of observational learning. Learners must actively focus on the model in order to learn p. 180

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30
Q

Automatic processes

A

(also known as automatic tasks) tasks that require low levels of mental processing p. 259

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31
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

the branch of the PNS responsible for connecting the CNS and the body?s visceral (non-skeletal) organs, muscles and glands like the heart and liver p. 67

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32
Q

Avoidance strategies

A

coping strategies that evade the stressor, seeking to reduce stress by indirectly dealing with it p. 123

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33
Q

Axon

A

the long strand-like part of a neuron that transmits a message from one end of the neuron to the other p. 82

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34
Q

Axon terminals

A

the ends of a neuron that release a message into the synapse p. 82

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35
Q

Bar chart

A

a graph that depicts the relationship between two variables using rectangular bars p. 41

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36
Q

Behaviour

A

a voluntary action in response to an antecedent p. 171

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37
Q

Benign-positive

A

an initial appraisal of a stimulus as neutral or good, and not causing stress for the individual p. 115

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38
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

a type of short-acting anti-anxiety medication that works to reduce anxiety p. 438

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39
Q

Beta waves

A

fast, small brain waves with high frequency and low amplitude, indicating high levels of alertness p. 276

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40
Q

Biological protective factors

A

factors that increase resilience by supporting healthy physiological functioning p. 455

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41
Q

Biological risk factors

A

factors relating to the body that increase the risk of developing a mental health disorder p. 391

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42
Q

Biological stress response

A

the activation of autonomic nervous system responses in the face of a stressor p. 431

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43
Q

Blood alcohol concentration (BAC)

A

a measure of how much alcohol is in a person?s blood p. 325

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44
Q

Brain

A

the body?s information centre, responsible for initiating and processing actions, thoughts and behaviour

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45
Q

Brain surgery

A

the treatment of brain injury or disease with the use of medical instruments p. 218

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46
Q

Brain trauma

A

damage to the brain that is caused by an external force p. 218

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47
Q

Brain wave

A

a pattern of electrical current in the brain caused by neurons communicating, visually represented as a wave p. 274

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48
Q

Breathing retraining

A

a method used to teach someone breathing control techniques that they can apply when facing their phobic stimulus p. 439

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49
Q

Bright light therapy

A

a method used to adjust a person?s circadian rhythm through exposure to a high-intensity light source p. 345

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50
Q

Case study

A

an in-depth study of an individual or a group of individuals p. 10

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51
Q

Catastrophes that disrupt whole communities

A

largescale events or upheavals that affect an interconnected population p. 104

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52
Q

Catastrophic thinking

A

a kind of cognitive bias in which a stimulus or event is predicted to be far worse than it is likely to be in reality p. 433

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53
Q

Central nervous system

A

the brain and the spinal cord, responsible for transmitting neural messages to and receiving neural messages from the peripheral nervous system p. 66

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54
Q

Cerebellum

A

a brain structure which encodes and stores implicit procedural memories p. 205

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55
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

a brain structure where long-term memories are stored p. 204

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56
Q

Challenge

A

a further appraisal of a stressor as potentially providing a good opportunity for growth or change for the individual p. 115

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57
Q

Choosing an experimental research design

A

the process of choosing an appropriate experimental research design in order to reduce possible extraneous and confounding variables p. 24

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58
Q

Circadian phase disorder

A

a sleep disorder which interferes with the normal regulation of the circadian rhythm of sleep, leading to a change in the sleep-wake cycle p. 331

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59
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

changes to physiological function or activity that occur as part of a cycle that lasts around 24 hours p. 292

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60
Q

Classical conditioning

A

a model of learning in which organisms learn through the involuntary association of two or more stimuli p. 154, 432

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61
Q

Classically conditioned memory

A

a type of implicit memory which involves an involuntary response, such as fear, to a stimulus which has repeatedly been associated with an emotionally arousing stimulus p. 204

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62
Q

Cognition

A

the mental processes an individual performs in order to understand and process information p. 320, 326

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63
Q

Cognitive and behavioural strategies

A

the techniques of cognitive behavioural therapy used to promote an individual?s psychological resilience p. 456

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64
Q

Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)

A

a form of psychotherapy which encourages individuals to substitute unhealthy cognitions and behaviours with more healthy ones. p. 344, 441

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65
Q

Cognitive bias

A

a predisposition to think about and process information in a certain way p. 433

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66
Q

Cognitive tasks

A

a form of assessment that measures some aspect of a person?s thought processes p. 269

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67
Q

Concentration

A

the ability to focus on certain stimuli or tasks p. 326

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68
Q

Conclusion

A

a statement regarding the results of an investigation as to whether the hypothesis was supported or not p. 47

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69
Q

Conditioned emotional responses

A

an emotional response to a stimulus that doesn?t naturally produce that response, learned through the process of classical conditioning p. 165

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70
Q

Conditioned response (CR)

A

a response caused by the conditioned stimulus p. 155

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71
Q

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

a stimulus that elicits a response due to its being paired with an unconditioned stimulus p. 155

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72
Q

Confidentiality

A

the right of the participant for their personal details to remain private p. 31

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73
Q

Confounding variables

A

variables other than the independent variable that have directly and systematically had an effect on the dependent variable p. 23

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74
Q

Consciousness

A

the awareness of internal and external stimuli p. 253

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75
Q

Consciousness continuum

A

a progression of states of consciousness ranging from least aware to most aware

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76
Q

Consequence

A

an event following an action that makes it either more or less likely to occur again p. 171

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77
Q

Contemplation stage

A

during this stage the individual is aware that their behaviour is problematic or unhealthy and is considering taking action within the next six months, but has no active commitment to do so p. 462

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78
Q

Content limitations

A

a restraint placed on the thoughts that are occurring in a person?s mind p. 259

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79
Q

Context dependent cues

A

stimuli in the physical environment where a memory is recalled that act as a prompt to retrieve memories formed in that environment p. 224

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80
Q

Context-specific effectiveness

A

when the coping strategy or mechanism used is appropriate for the demands of the stressor p. 121

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81
Q

Control group

A

a group that is used as a basis for comparison; participants are not exposed to the experimental conditions (the IV) p. 12

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82
Q

Controlled processes

A

(also known as controlled tasks) tasks that require high levels of mental processing p. 259

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83
Q

Convenience sampling

A

when a sample is selected using the quickest and easiest means possible, selecting people who are readily available from the population p. 18

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84
Q

Coping

A

the process of dealing with stress p. 115, 121

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85
Q

Coping flexibility

A

an individual?s ability to adjust or change their coping strategies depending on the unique and changing demands of a stressor p. 122

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86
Q

Coritsol

A

a hormone released into the body in times of stress p. 109

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87
Q

Counterbalancing

A

a method used in repeated-measures experimental designs to reduce order effects p. 24

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88
Q

Cross-sectional study

A

when data is collected from participants from different segments of the population (pre-existing cohorts) to represent a ?snapshot? in time p. 10

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89
Q

Cued recall

A

retrieving information from memory with the use of a prompt p. 231

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90
Q

Cumulative risk

A

the significantly increased risk of developing a mental health disorder that occurs when an individual has multiple risk factors present in their lives at the same time p. 412

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91
Q

Daily pressures

A

small inconveniences and problems that are experienced as a part of day-to-day life p. 103

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92
Q

Debriefing

A

occurs at the conclusion of an experiment and involves the researcher outlining the nature of the experiment to participants and includes ensuring that participants do not leave the experiment with lasting harm p. 31

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93
Q

Deception

A

when the participant is unaware of the true nature of the experiment p. 31

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94
Q

Delta waves

A

slow and large brain waves with low frequency and high amplitude, indicating very low levels of alertness p. 276

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95
Q

Dendrites

A

the bushy spines of a neuron that receive a message p. 82

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96
Q

Dependent variable (DV)

A

the variable that is being measured in an experiment for changes it experiences due to the independent variable p. 4

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97
Q

Depressants

A

a class of drugs that reduce central nervous system and body activity, reducing levels of alertness compared to NWC p. 277

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98
Q

Descriptive statistics

A

statistics that are used to organise and summarise data p. 40

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99
Q

Disorganised attachment

A

the inconsistent behaviour displayed by an infant towards their main caregiver when they are not provided with consistent and adequate support p. 407

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100
Q

Distress

A

a form of stress characterised by a negative psychological state p. 102

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101
Q

Dopamine

A

a neurotransmitter primarily responsible for the coordination of voluntary movement and experiences of pleasure and pain p. 92

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102
Q

Double-blind procedure

A

a procedure in which both the participants and the person conducting the experiment are unaware of which condition participants have been allocated to, in order to reduce experimenter bias p. 25

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103
Q

Dyssomnias

A

sleep disorders characterised by consistent problems with falling asleep, staying asleep, or timing sleep p. 337

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104
Q

Echoic memory

A

a type of sensory memory which temporarily stores auditory information p. 195

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105
Q

Elaborative rehearsal

A

encoding new information by meaningfully linking it to information already stored in long-term memory to enhance its storage and later retrieval p. 225

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106
Q

Electro-oculograph (EOG)

A

a device that detects, amplifies and records the electrical activity of the muscles surrounding the eyes p. 268

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107
Q

Electroencephalograph (EEG)

A

a device that detects, amplifies and records the electrical activity of the brain p. 267

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108
Q

Electromyograph (EMG)

A

a device that detects, amplifies and records the electrical activity of the body?s muscles

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109
Q

Emotion-focussed coping

A

the use of coping strategies that target the emotional components of a stressor, dealing with it indirectly rather than confronting its source p. 115

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110
Q

Emotional awareness

A

the understanding and control people have over their feelings, as well as the ability to accurately perceive the emotions of others p. 261

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111
Q

Emotional wellbeing

A

the ability for an individual to appropriately control and express their own emotions in an adaptive way, as well as understand the emotions of others p. 367

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112
Q

Encoding

A

the process of converting raw information from stimuli into a useable form which can be stored in the brain p. 195

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113
Q

Episodic memory

A

a type of explicit memory which involves a personal experience or event p. 203

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114
Q

Ethics committee

A

a group of people who review research proposals, consider the potential risks, benefits and implications in order to either approve or disapprove them for research p. 30

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115
Q

Eustress

A

a form of stress characterised by a positive psychological state p. 103

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116
Q

Evolutionary theory of sleep

A

(also known as Circadian theory of sleep) a theory that proposes that sleep is adaptive and has evolved to meet specific survival needs p. 298

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117
Q

Excitatory effect

A

when a neurotransmitter causes the postsynaptic neuron to become more likely to fire an action potential p. 86

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118
Q

Exercise

A

the performance of physical activity to improve a person?s health and wellbeing p. 122, 440

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119
Q

Exhaustion

A

the final stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome which involves the body?s defences and energy levels depleting, leading to a greatly reduced ability to cope with current and future stressors p. 109

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120
Q

Experiment

A

a study conducted in a carefully controlled environment to measure the cause and effect relationship between variables p. 9

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121
Q

Experimental group

A

the group within an experiment that are exposed to experimental conditions (the IV) p. 12

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122
Q

Experimenter effects

A

occur when an experimenter?s expectations about the study influence the results p. 25

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123
Q

Explicit memory

A

(also known as declarative memory) a type of long-term memory that can be consciously retrieved p. 203

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124
Q

External factors

A

factors which arise from the environment of an individual and contribute to their mental health p. 360

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125
Q

External validity

A

the extent to which the results of an investigation can be applied to other settings, people and time p. 49

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126
Q

Extinction

A

when a learned response or behaviour no longer occurs for an extended period of time p. 157, 173

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127
Q

Extraneous variables

A

variables other than the independent variable that may produce unwanted results in an experiment p. 23

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128
Q

Eye-witness testimony

A

an account given by an individual of an event they have directly observed p. 237

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129
Q

Fight-flight-freeze response

A

The fight, flight, or freeze (tonic immobility) response refers to involuntary physiological changes that happen in the body and mind when a person feels threatened. This response exists to keep people safe, preparing them to face, escape, or hide from danger.

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130
Q

Free recall

A

retrieving information from memory in any order without the use of a prompt p. 231

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131
Q

Frequency

A

a measurement indicating how many brain waves there are per second, visually represented as how close the waves appear together p. 275

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132
Q

Functioning

A

the way in which an individual approaches everyday demands and operates within their environment p. 366

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133
Q

GABA

A

the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter p. 86

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134
Q

GABA dysfunction

A

an insufficient neural transmission or reception of GABA in the body p. 431

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135
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome

A

a model that examines the biological stages of stress involved in responding to a persistent stressor p. 109

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136
Q

Generalisability

A

the extent to which the results of an investigation can be applied to the wider research population p. 48

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137
Q

Genetic vulnerability

A

a person?s genetic predisposition that increases their susceptibility to developing a mental health disorder p. 392

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138
Q

Glutamate

A

the primary excitatory neurotransmitter p. 87, 143

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139
Q

Harm loss

A

a further appraisal of a stressor as having caused some damage for the individual p. 115

140
Q

High levels of functioning

A

the ability for an individual to approach day-to-day tasks independently and effectively meet everyday demands p. 366

141
Q

Hippocampus

A

a brain structure which encodes explicit memories p. 205

142
Q

Hypothesis

A

a testable prediction about the outcome of an experiment; it is written in the form of a statement and includes the variables that will be tested p. 3

143
Q

Iconic memory

A

a type of sensory memory which temporarily stores visual information p. 195

144
Q

Impaired reasoning and memory

A

cognitive biases that limit a person?s ability to think about an event in a rational, constructive way and to remember it accurately p. 400

145
Q

Implicit memory

A

(also known as non-declarative memory) a type of long-term memory that is retrieved unconsciously p. 203

146
Q

Independent groups design

A

(also known as between groups design) an experimental design in which participants are split into two or more groups; typically a control group and an experimental groups p. 12

147
Q

Independent variable (IV)

A

the variable that the experimenter manipulates in order to observe the effect it causes on the dependent variable p. 4

148
Q

Induced altered states of consciousness

A

a type of altered state of consciousness that occurs due to a purposeful action or aid p. 254

149
Q

Inferential statistics

A

statistics that provide information on the statistical significance of the results and suggest how they might apply to a wider population p. 40

150
Q

Informed consent

A

ensuring participants have a thorough understanding of the procedures involved in the research they are partaking in, including potential harm or risks, and still willingly agree to participate p. 31, 373

151
Q

Inhibitory effect

A

when a neurotransmitter causes the postsynaptic neuron to become less likely to fire an action potential p. 86

152
Q

Internal factors

A

factors which arise from within the individual and contribute to their mental health p. 360

153
Q

Internal validity

A

the extent to which the changes in the dependent variable are caused by the independent variable, and not other variables p. 49

154
Q

Interneurons

A

neurons that transfer impulses between sensory and motor neurons as part of the reflex arc p. 77

155
Q

Interview

A

a type of questionnaire that is usually conducted verbally, involving the researcher asking participants questions and recording their responses p. 9

156
Q

Irrelevant

A

an initial appraisal of a stimulus as a non-issue for the individual p. 115

157
Q

Jet lag

A

the mismatch between an individual?s internal circadian rhythm and the time of their environment, which occurs after rapidly travelling across time zones p. 333

158
Q

Leading questions

A

questions that contain information that imply or prompt a certain response p. 237

159
Q

Levels of awareness

A

(also known as awareness) the degree to which an individual is conscious of stimuli p. 258

160
Q

Life events

A

stressors that change a person?s circumstances and force them to change something about their lifestyle p. 103

161
Q

Line graph

A

a graph that depicts the relationship between two variables using a line that connects each data point p. 41

162
Q

Lock-and-key process

A

an analogy used to describe the role and functions of neurotransmitters and receptor sites in the process of neural transmission p. 86

163
Q

Long-term depression

A

the long-lasting and experience dependent weakening of postsynaptic responses p. 137

164
Q

Long-term memory

A

store of memory in which a potentially unlimited amount of information is stored for a relatively permanent amount of time p. 197

165
Q

Long-term potentiation

A

the long-lasting and experiencedependent strengthening of synaptic connections p. 137, 431

166
Q

Longitudinal study

A

a type of investigation in which data is gathered from participants over an extended period of time, and the participants are followed up after specific time intervals p. 10

167
Q

Loss of a significant relationship

A

losing a relationship that involved considerable emotional attachment p. 407

168
Q

Maintenance rehearsal

A

repeating new information over and over again to functionally enhance the duration of short-term memory and transfer information to long-term memory p. 225

169
Q

Maintenance stage

A

during this stage the individual has made distinct behaviour change for more than six months and is working to prevent relapse p. 462

170
Q

Major stress

A

stressors that present significant and negative threats to a person?s psychological and/ or physiological wellbeing p. 104

171
Q

Matched participants design

A

an experimental design in which participants are paired based upon relevant characteristics, whereupon one member of the pair is tested in one condition, and the other member is tested in the other p. 12

172
Q

Mean

A

a measure of central tendency that represents the average of a data set p. 40

173
Q

Memory

A

the process of encoding, storing and retrieving learned information p. 195

174
Q

Memory bias

A

a form of cognitive bias caused by inaccuracy or exaggeration in the recall of an event p. 433

175
Q

Mental health

A

the current state of a person?s psychological wellbeing and functioning p. 358

176
Q

Mental health continuum

A

a tool used to track progression of mental health which constantly fluctuates over time, progressing from mentally healthy, to mental health problems, to mental health disorders p. 358

177
Q

Mental health disorder

A

a psychological state characterised by the presence of a severe disturbance and sense of distress which significantly impacts an individual?s ability to function independently p. 359

178
Q

Mental health problem

A

a psychological state that is temporarily hindered by the presence of a disturbance to normal functioning, which has negative, but not severe impacts on everyday functioning p. 359

179
Q

Mentally healthy

A

a psychological state that allows an individual to function independently and effectively within their environment, display resilience and have high social and emotional wellbeing p. 359

180
Q

Model

A

the individual who is performing the behaviour that is being watched/ observed p.179

181
Q

Mood

A

the emotional state a person is in at a given time p. 326

182
Q

Motivation

A

the fourth stage of observational learning. The learner must want to reproduce the behaviour in order for learning to occur p. 181

183
Q

Motor neurons

A

neurons that transmit information (motor neural messages) about voluntary movement from the CNS to the PNS p. 67

184
Q

Myelin

A

the fatty protein substance that surrounds and insulates the axon of a neuron p. 82

185
Q

Naturally occurring altered states of consciousness

A

a type of altered state of consciousness that occurs without intervention p. 254

186
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

when a stimulus is removed in order to encourage a behaviour to occur again p. 172

187
Q

Neural plasticity

A

the ability of the brain to physically change in response to experience p. 136

188
Q

Neural reception

A

the process in which a neuron accepts, or receives, a message p. 81

189
Q

Neural transmission

A

the process in which a neuron sends a message p. 81

190
Q

Neurodegenerative disease

A

a disease characterised by the progressive loss of neurons in the brain p. 219

191
Q

Neurofibrillary tangles

A

an accumulation of the protein tau that forms insoluble tangles within neurons, which then inhibit the transport of essential substances throughout the neuron, eventually killing the neuron entirely p. 220

192
Q

Neurohormone

A

a chemical substance sent from neurons into the bloodstream p. 142

193
Q

Neuron

A

a nerve cell responsible for transmitting, receiving and processing information p. 81

194
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

a chemical substance that carries information between neurons p. 85, 142

195
Q

Neutral stimulus (NS)

A

a stimulus that does not initially elicit a response p. 155

196
Q

No-harm principle

A

the role of the researcher to ensure that all participants within an investigation do not experience mental or physical harm p. 30

197
Q

Non-standardised testing procedures

A

when instructions and procedures in an experiment are not consistent for all participants, therefore affecting the results obtained p. 26

198
Q

Normal waking consciousness (NWC)

A

the state of being awake and aware of internal and external stimuli p. 253

199
Q

NREM (Non rapid eye movement) sleep

A

a type of sleep that is subdivided into four different stages, where the sleeper does not experience any rapid eye movement p. 294

200
Q

Objective data

A

data that can be observed or measured by multiple people and obtain the same results p. 36

201
Q

Observational learning

A

(also known as social learning, vicarious conditioning, or modelling) a type of learning that occurs through watching the actions of a model and the consequences that their actions receive p. 179

202
Q

Observational study

A

a type of study in which data is collected through careful monitoring of participants p. 10

203
Q

Operant conditioning

A

learning through the association of a behaviour and the consequence it receives p. 170, 433

204
Q

Operationalisation

A

the process of defining variables in terms of how they will be either manipulated or measured in the experiment p. 5

205
Q

Order effects

A

(also known as practice effects) a source of error in repeated-measures designs due to the order the participants participate in the experimental and control conditions p. 24

206
Q

Outlier

A

a value that differs from the other values in a data set p. 41

207
Q

Parasomnias

A

a type of sleep disorder which involves engaging in abnormal activities or tasks while sleeping p. 338

208
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

a branch of the ANS responsible for returning and maintaining the body?s visceral organs, muscles and glands at optimal and balanced functioning p. 69

209
Q

Parkinson?s disease

A

a progressive disease of the nervous system characterised by both motor and non-motor symptoms p. 92

210
Q

Partial sleep deprivation

A

when an individual sleeps for some duration within a 24 hour period, but the sleep duration is too short, or the quality of sleep is poor p. 319

211
Q

Participant-related variables

A

(also known as individual participant differences) individual participant differences that can affect the results p. 24

212
Q

Perceptual and cognitive distortions

A

atypical (abnormal) variation in the way an individual interprets and processes stimuli p. 260

213
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

all nerves outside the CNS, responsible for transmitting information to and from the CNS p. 67

214
Q

Perpetuating risk factor

A

a risk factor that inhibits a person?s ability to recover from a mental health disorder p. 387, 433

215
Q

Placebo

A

a procedure or substance with no active treatment p. 25, 374

216
Q

Placebo effect

A

changes to an individual?s mental or physical state as a result of a false belief in the effects of a placebo substance or procedure p. 35, 374

217
Q

Poor response to medication

A

when medication is not effective due to genetic factors p. 392

218
Q

Poor sleep

A

inadequate sleep quality or quantity p. 393

219
Q

Population

A

(also known as research population) the group of people of interest to an experiment p. 3, 17

220
Q

Positive punishment

A

when a stimulus is added in order to discourage a behaviour from occurring again p. 172

221
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

when a stimulus is added in order to encourage a behaviour to occur again p. 172

222
Q

Postsynaptic neuron

A

the neuron that receives a message from the synapse p. 82, 85

223
Q

Pre-contemplation stage

A

during this stage the individual is unaware that their behaviour is problematic or unhealthy and has no intention to change their behaviour in the next six months p. 462

224
Q

Precipitating risk factor

A

a risk factor that increases the susceptibility to and contributes to the occurrence of developing a mental health disorder p. 387, 432

225
Q

Predisposing risk factor

A

a risk factor that increases an individual?s susceptibility to developing a mental health disorder p. 387

226
Q

Preparation stage

A

during this stage the individual has begun to take an active commitment towards changing their behaviour within the next 30 days p. 462

227
Q

Presynaptic neuron

A

the neuron that releases a message into the synapse p. 82, 85

228
Q

Primacy effect

A

enhanced recall of information presented at the beginning of a list due to this information being rehearsed and transferred into long term memory p. 226

229
Q

Primary appraisal

A

the initial process of evaluating the nature of an incoming stressor, specifically the kind of stress it will cause p. 115

230
Q

Primary data collection

A

a method of data collection involving data being collected directly by the experimenter p. 35

231
Q

Problem-focussed coping

A

the use of coping strategies that directly target the source of the stressor, aiming to reduce it in a practical way p. 115

232
Q

Procedural memory

A

a type of implicit memory which involves knowing how to carry out tasks, facilitated by motor skills p. 203

233
Q

Protective factor

A

a factor that prevents the occurrence or re-occurrence of mental health disorders p. 388, 455

234
Q

Psychoeducation

A

teaching individuals to better understand mental disorders and how to deal with and treat them p. 443

235
Q

Psychological construct

A

an agreed upon description and understanding of psychological phenomena which cannot be overtly measured or observed p. 252

236
Q

Psychological protective factors

A

factors that promote resilience by supporting a person?s mental and cognitive functioning p. 456

237
Q

Psychological risk factors

A

factors relating to cognitive and affective functioning that increase the risk of developing a mental health disorder p. 399

238
Q

Punishment

A

(also known as positive punishment) a type of consequence that makes the behaviour less likely to occur again p. 172

239
Q

Qualitative data

A

data that describes the characteristics of something; data of concepts that can be measured non-numerically p. 36

240
Q

Quantitative data

A

data concerning numerical amounts; expressed numerically p. 36

241
Q

Questionnaire

A

(also known as surveys) a list of questions that participants can respond to in a variety of formats p. 9

242
Q

Random allocation

A

when every member of the sample has an equal chance of being assigned to each condition in an experiment p. 19

243
Q

Random sampling

A

when every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample p. 18

244
Q

Rating scale

A

a form of questionnaire collecting numerical data from participants? responses p. 10

245
Q

Recall

A

a method of retrieving information from memory p. 231

246
Q

Recency effect

A

enhanced recall of information presented at the end of a list due to this information remaining in short term memory p. 226

247
Q

Receptor sites

A

protein molecules located on the dendrites of a postsynaptic neuron, responsible for receiving neurotransmitters p. 85

248
Q

Recognition

A

identifying information from memory amongst a list of alternatives p. 232

249
Q

Reconstruction

A

the process of reproducing and piecing together information from memory in an attempt to form a coherent representation of a past event or stimuli p. 233

250
Q

Reinforcement

A

a type of consequence that makes the behaviour more likely to occur again p. 172, 181

251
Q

Relapse

A

a setback involving the return to a problem behaviour p. 462

252
Q

Relearning

A

learning information another time after having already learned this information in the past p. 232

253
Q

Reliability

A

how likely it is that the same results would be obtained by another researcher p. 49

254
Q

REM (Rapid eye movement) sleep

A

a type of sleep where the sleeper experiences rapid eye movement beneath closed eyelids p. 293

255
Q

Repeated measures design

A

(also known as within groups design) an experimental design in which the same participants are in every condition of the experiment p. 12

256
Q

Reproduction

A

the third stage of observational learning. The learner must have the physical and mental capabilities to reproduce the observed behaviour p. 180

257
Q

Resilience

A

the ability to adapt to the environment and cope when stressors arise in order to return to a functioning state p. 368, 454

258
Q

Resistance

A

the second stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome which involves the body sustaining high levels of arousal to a persistent stressor p. 109

259
Q

Response cost

A

Negative punishment & when a stimulus is removed in order to discourage a behaviour occurring again p. 172

260
Q

Restoration theory of sleep

A

a theory that proposes that sleep replenishes psychological and physiological function p. 299

261
Q

Retention

A

the second stage of observational learning. The learner must create a mental representation and remember (retain) the behaviour the model has demonstrated p. 180

262
Q

Retrieval

A

accessing information which has previously been stored in the brain p. 195

263
Q

Retrieval cue

A

stimuli that act as a prompt to access information from long-term memory p. 224

264
Q

Rumination

A

repeatedly focusing on negative psychological thoughts and experiences p. 400

265
Q

Sample

A

a subset of the population, commonly referred to as the research participants p. 17

266
Q

Sampling

A

the process through which the participants for a study are selected from the population of interest p. 17

267
Q

Sampling procedures

A

the method of choosing an appropriate sampling procedure to reduce possible extraneous and confounding variables p. 24

268
Q

Secondary appraisal

A

the process of evaluating the resources available and required in order to cope with a stressor p. 115

269
Q

Self-control

A

A person?s ability to restrain or hold composure over their thoughts, feelings and actions p. 261

270
Q

Self-efficacy

A

a person?s confidence in their ability to complete tasks and meet goals p. 401

271
Q

Self-report

A

a participant?s subjective account of an experience; this type of investigation can be conducted through the use of a questionnaire, interview or rating scale p. 9

272
Q

Semantic memory

A

a type of explicit memory which consists of general knowledge or facts p. 203

273
Q

Sensory memory

A

store of memory which very briefly stores raw information detected by the senses such as sight, hearing and touch p. 195

274
Q

Sensory neurons

A

neurons that transmit information (sensory neural messages) about the body?s sensations from the PNS to the CNS p. 67

275
Q

Sensory receptor

A

a nerve ending that detects sensations in the environment and body p. 70

276
Q

Sensory stimuli

A

anything in the environment or body that is detected by the body?s senses p. 70

277
Q

Serial position effect

A

a tendency for free recall to be superior for items at the end and beginning of a list compared to items in the middle p. 226

278
Q

Serial recall

A

retrieving information from memory in the order in which it was first encoded p. 231

279
Q

Shift work

A

an occupation which involves working at unusual hours, such as working overnight p. 332

280
Q

Short-term memory

A

(also known as working memory) store of memory which holds information that is consciously being attended to and actively manipulated p. 196

281
Q

Single-blind procedure

A

a procedure in which participants are unaware of which condition they have been allocated to, in order to reduce participant expectations p. 25

282
Q

Skeletal muscles

A

muscles connected to the skeleton that are involved in conscious, voluntary movement p. 68

283
Q

Sleep

A

a regular and naturally-occurring altered state of consciousness that involves disengagement with internal and external stimuli p. 292

284
Q

Sleep cycle

A

a proportion of a sleep episode in which the sleeper progresses through stages of REM and NREM sleep, lasting on average 90 minutes for humans p. 293

285
Q

Sleep deprivation

A

inadequate duration or poor quality of sleep p. 318

286
Q

Sleep diaries

A

a record from an individual containing qualitative descriptions of the amount and nature of their sleep over a certain period of time p. 269

287
Q

Sleep disorder

A

a consistent presence of a particular sleep disturbance which has profound impacts on an individual?s sleep, leading to persistent effects on day to day functioning p. 337

288
Q

Sleep episode

A

the full duration of time spent asleep p. 293

289
Q

Sleep-onset insomnia

A

(also known as insomnia) a type of dyssomnia characterised by consistent difficulty initiating sleep p. 338

290
Q

Sleep-wake cycle

A

a daily cycle that is made up of time spent sleeping and time being awake and alert p. 292

291
Q

Sleep-wake cycle shift in adolescence

A

a type of circadian phase disorder where adolescents experience delayed sleep-onset and hence delayed wake p. 332

292
Q

Sleep-walking

A

(also known as somnambulism) a type of parasomnia which involves standing up and undertaking actions or tasks while asleep p. 338

293
Q

Social protective factors

A

factors that increase resilience by providing social support p. 456

294
Q

Social risk factors

A

factors relating to an individual?s interaction with their external environment and other people that increase the risk of developing a mental health disorder p. 406

295
Q

Social support

A

the provision of assistance and care from family, friends, or the community p. 456

296
Q

Social wellbeing

A

the ability for an individual to form bonds with others and maintain positive relationships p. 367

297
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

the branch of the PNS responsible for sending motor information from the CNS to the body?s skeletal muscle, and bringing sensory information from the body to the CNS in order to formulate voluntary responses p. 67

298
Q

Specific environmental triggers

A

stimuli or experiences in a person?s environment that prompt an extreme stress response p. 433

299
Q

Specific phobia

A

a type of anxiety disorder that is categorised by excessive and disproportionate fear when encountering a particular stimulus p. 425

300
Q

Speed

A

the rate at which a person responds to a stimulus in a task p. 269

301
Q

Spinal cord

A

a long cable of nerve tissue (neurons) connecting the brain to the peripheral nervous system, responsible for sending motor information from the brain, and sensory information from the body p. 66

302
Q

Spinal reflex

A

an unconscious response to sensory stimuli that is initiated at the spinal cord, not involving the brain p. 76

303
Q

Spinal sensory-motor circuit (reflex arc)

A

the path that neural messages take as part of the spinal reflex response, involving sensory messages to the spinal cord which are immediately relayed from the spinal cord as motor messages p. 77

304
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

the return of a previously extinguished learned response or behaviour p. 157, 173

305
Q

Standard deviation

A

a measure of central tendency that represents the spread of data around the mean p. 40

306
Q

Standardised instructions and procedures

A

the consistent use of instructions and procedures for all participants p. 26

307
Q

State dependent cues

A

aspects of an individual?s psychological and physiological experience at the time a memory was formed that later act as a prompt to retrieve that memory p. 224

308
Q

Stigma

A

a mark of shame or disgrace experienced by an individual for a characteristic that distinguishes them from others p. 408

309
Q

Stigma around seeking treatment

A

the sense of shame a person might feel about getting professional help p. 434

310
Q

Stimulants

A

a class of drugs that increase central nervous system and body activity, increasing levels of alertness compared to NWC p. 276

311
Q

Stimulus discrimination

A

the process in which an organism only demonstrates a certain response or behaviour to the stimulus it was first acquired in response to p. 158, 173

312
Q

Stimulus generalisation

A

a process in which the learner demonstrates a response or behaviour to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus or antecedent p. 158, 173

313
Q

Storage

A

retaining converted information so it can be accessed and used in the future p. 195

314
Q

Stratified sampling

A

when the population is divided into groups based upon relevant characteristics, and participants are selected from each group in proportion to how they appear in the population p. 18

315
Q

Stress

A

a psychological and biological experience that occurs when an individual encounters something of significance that demands their attention and/ or efforts to cope p. 102, 401, 424

316
Q

Stressful

A

an initial appraisal of a stimulus as a source of worry or emotional significance for the individual p. 115

317
Q

Stressor

A

a stimulus (internal or external) that prompts the stress response p. 102

318
Q

Subjective data

A

data that relies on personal opinion or self-report p. 36

319
Q

Substance use

A

use of either legal or illegal drugs p. 393

320
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

a branch of the ANS responsible for activating the body?s visceral organs, muscles, and glands for increased activity or when under threat p. 69

321
Q

Synapse

A

the area in which neuronal transmission occurs between two neurons, including the sending end of the presynaptic neuron, the gap between two neurons, and receiving end of the postsynaptic neuron p. 82, 85

322
Q

Synaptic gap

A

the space in between two neurons into which a message is sent p. 82, 85

323
Q

Synaptic buttons

A

(also known as synaptic knobs, terminal buttons) the end of the presynaptic neuron?s axon terminals that release neurotransmitters p. 85

324
Q

Synaptic plasticity

A

a type of neural plasticity that refers to the ability of synaptic connections to form, weaken or strengthen in response to activity and experience p. 137

325
Q

Systematic desensitisation

A

a therapy technique used to overcome phobia involving a patient being exposed incrementally to increasingly anxiety-inducing stimuli, combined with the use of relaxation techniques. p. 441

326
Q

Table

A

a method of presenting data using columns and rows p. 41

327
Q

The biopsychosocial model

A

a framework for approaching mental health that suggests that biological, psychological and social factors all interact and contribute to the development of mental illness p. 391

328
Q

The Four P model

A

a framework to understand the impact of different factors on the development and progression of a mental health disorder p. 386

329
Q

Theta waves

A

medium sized brain waves with low-medium frequency and medium-high amplitude, indicating low levels of alertness p. 276

330
Q

Threat

A

a further appraisal of a stressor as potentially causing damage for the individual in future p. 115

331
Q

Time orientation

A

the perception of how much or how little time has elapsed, and the ability to situate things in the past, present or future p. 261

332
Q

Total sleep deprivation

A

(also known as full sleep deprivation) when an individual has no sleep within a 24 hour period p. 318

333
Q

Transtheoretical model of behaviour change

A

a model which assesses an individual?s readiness to change by looking at the different stages an individual may progress through as they move towards healthier behaviour p. 461

334
Q

Ultradian rhythm

A

changes to physiological function or activity that arise as part of a cycle which occurs within 24 hours p. 293

335
Q

Unconditioned response (UCR)

A

a natural (unlearned) behaviour to a given stimulus p. 155

336
Q

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

A

a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response p. 155

337
Q

Validity

A

the extent to which the investigation measures what it intends to measure p. 49

338
Q

Variable

A

a factor or element of an experiment that may be manipulated or measured p. 3

339
Q

Video monitoring

A

a type of data collection involving video and sound recordings of an individual in their sleeping period p. 270

340
Q

Visceral muscles (organs or glands)

A

the body?s non-skeletal muscles, organs and glands that are largely self-regulating and don?t require conscious control. These are controlled by the ANS p. 68

341
Q

Voluntary participation

A

the right of the participant to freely choose to willingly participate p. 31

342
Q

Voluntary response

A

an action coordinated by the body that is performed with conscious control and intention p. 70

343
Q

Wellbeing

A

a state in which an individual is mentally, physically, and socially healthy and secure p. 367

344
Q

Withdrawal rights

A

the right of the participant to leave the study at any point, without fear of consequence p. 31

345
Q

Zeitgeber

A

a rhythmically occurring natural phenomenon which acts as a cue in the regulation of the body’s circadian rhythms.

VCE Psychology 3/4 (8 decks)

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