Memeory Flashcards
Memory
Process that allow us to record and retrieve experiences and information.
Encoding (TBP)
Translating into neural code.
Retrieval
Pulled back out
Three stage model of memory components
Sensory memory, working (short term memory) an long term memory.
Sensory memory
Briefly holds sensory information
Iconic stores: visual information,
Echoic stores: auditory information
Sensory memory: Iconic memory test
When a grid of letters is flashed on the screen for 1/20th of a second it’s difficult to recall individual letters. But if prompted to remember a particular row immediately it’s shown, participants will do so with high accuracy.
Short term memory/ working memory
Temporarily holds a limited amount of information.
Working memory
Codes and works on information.
shelf-life
20 seconds for information. Memory is rapidly loss unless we actively do something with it.
Extending duration of STM
Maintenance: simple repetition
Elaborative rehearsal: focuses on meaning and is more effective.
Long term memory has a…
U-shaped pattern as function in possible series. Two components called the primacy and recency effect.
Primacy effect
Information is transferred to long term memory. The effect is diminished if words presented at a higher rate.
Recency effect
Information still in short-term memory.
Effect diminished if time delay before recall.
Maintenance
Is the rote repetition of information and is not a optimal method.
Elaborative
Focuses on information’s meaning, organizing, understanding, applying, relating, using imagery.
Organizing information
Organizing information in ways that are meaningful can enhance memory.
Hierarchy
Memory is enhanced by associations.
Chunking
Combing items into larger units of meaning.
Schemas
Are a mental framework and are a organized pattern of thought.
Priming
To retrieve a specific memory from the web of associations, you must first activiate one of the strands that leads to it.
Dual coding theory
Memory enhanced if youuse both verbal and visual codes
Method of loci
Use imaginary physical environment and placement of images.
Declarative LTM
Can be verbalized. Two subcategories:
Episodic: Personal experiences
Semantic: general factual knowledge
Procedural LTM
non declarative memory, reflected in skills and actions, some classically conditioned responses.
Explicit memory
Conscious or intentional memory.
Implicit memory
Memory influences behavior but there is no conscious awareness. Priming tasks.
Types of amnesia
Retrograde amnesia: memory loss for events before amnesia.
Anterograde amnesia: Memory loss for events after amnesia.
Alzeheimer’s disease
Severe retrograde and anterograde amnesia.
Encoding specificity principle
Memory enhanced when conditions present during retrieval match those present during encoding.
Context dependent memory
Easier to remember something in same environment where encoded.
State dependent memory
Ability to retrieve better when internal state at retrieval matches that at encoding.
Mood congruent recall
Tend to recall information or events congruent with current mood.
Interference theory
Proactive interference: Past material interferes with recall of newer material.
Retroactive interference: new information interferes with ability to recall older information.
Hippocampus
Encoding station and converts short term memories to long term.
Cerebral cortex
Encoding information from sensory registers and stores semantic information.
Prefrontal cortex
Involved in functions of working memory.
Long term potentiation
Process where communication across the synapse between neaurons strengthens the connection, making further communication easier.
NMDA receptor
Receptor site on the hippocampus that influences the flow of information between neurons by controlling the initiation of LTP.
