Memeory

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

Process that allow us to record and retrieve experiences and information.

Question 2

Encoding (TBP)

Answer 2

Translating into neural code.

Question 3

Retrieval

Answer 3

Pulled back out

Question 4

Three stage model of memory components

Answer 4

Sensory memory, working (short term memory) an long term memory.

Question 5

Sensory memory

Answer 5

Briefly holds sensory information
Iconic stores: visual information,
Echoic stores: auditory information

Question 6

Sensory memory: Iconic memory test

Answer 6

When a grid of letters is flashed on the screen for 1/20th of a second it’s difficult to recall individual letters. But if prompted to remember a particular row immediately it’s shown, participants will do so with high accuracy.

Question 7

Short term memory/ working memory

Answer 7

Temporarily holds a limited amount of information.

Question 8

Working memory

Answer 8

Codes and works on information.

Question 9

shelf-life

Answer 9

20 seconds for information. Memory is rapidly loss unless we actively do something with it.

Question 10

Extending duration of STM

Answer 10

Maintenance: simple repetition
Elaborative rehearsal: focuses on meaning and is more effective.

Question 11

Long term memory has a…

Answer 11

U-shaped pattern as function in possible series. Two components called the primacy and recency effect.

Question 12

Primacy effect

Answer 12

Information is transferred to long term memory. The effect is diminished if words presented at a higher rate.

Question 13

Recency effect

Answer 13

Information still in short-term memory.
Effect diminished if time delay before recall.

Question 14

Maintenance

Answer 14

Is the rote repetition of information and is not a optimal method.

Question 15

Elaborative

Answer 15

Focuses on information’s meaning, organizing, understanding, applying, relating, using imagery.

Question 16

Organizing information

Answer 16

Organizing information in ways that are meaningful can enhance memory.

Question 17

Hierarchy

Answer 17

Memory is enhanced by associations.

Question 18

Chunking

Answer 18

Combing items into larger units of meaning.

Question 19

Schemas

Answer 19

Are a mental framework and are a organized pattern of thought.

Question 20

Priming

Answer 20

To retrieve a specific memory from the web of associations, you must first activiate one of the strands that leads to it.

Question 21

Dual coding theory

Answer 21

Memory enhanced if youuse both verbal and visual codes

Question 22

Method of loci

Answer 22

Use imaginary physical environment and placement of images.

Question 23

Declarative LTM

Answer 23

Can be verbalized. Two subcategories:
Episodic: Personal experiences
Semantic: general factual knowledge

Question 24

Procedural LTM

Answer 24

non declarative memory, reflected in skills and actions, some classically conditioned responses.

Question 25

Explicit memory

Answer 25

Conscious or intentional memory.

Question 26

Implicit memory

Answer 26

Memory influences behavior but there is no conscious awareness. Priming tasks.

Question 27

Types of amnesia

Answer 27

Retrograde amnesia: memory loss for events before amnesia.
Anterograde amnesia: Memory loss for events after amnesia.

Question 28

Alzeheimer’s disease

Answer 28

Severe retrograde and anterograde amnesia.

Question 29

Encoding specificity principle

Answer 29

Memory enhanced when conditions present during retrieval match those present during encoding.

Question 30

Context dependent memory

Answer 30

Easier to remember something in same environment where encoded.

Question 31

State dependent memory

Answer 31

Ability to retrieve better when internal state at retrieval matches that at encoding.

Question 32

Mood congruent recall

Answer 32

Tend to recall information or events congruent with current mood.

Question 33

Interference theory

Answer 33

Proactive interference: Past material interferes with recall of newer material.
Retroactive interference: new information interferes with ability to recall older information.

Question 34

Hippocampus

Answer 34

Encoding station and converts short term memories to long term.

Question 35

Cerebral cortex

Answer 35

Encoding information from sensory registers and stores semantic information.

Question 36

Prefrontal cortex

Answer 36

Involved in functions of working memory.

Question 37

Long term potentiation

Answer 37

Process where communication across the synapse between neaurons strengthens the connection, making further communication easier.

Question 38

NMDA receptor

Answer 38

Receptor site on the hippocampus that influences the flow of information between neurons by controlling the initiation of LTP.