Learning

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

Process by which experience produces a relatively enduring change in behaviour or capabilities (Knowing how).

Question 2

Behaviorism

Answer 2

John Watson and Little Albert explained learning solely in terms of directly observable behaviour.

Question 3

Personal adaption

Answer 3

Interactions with immediate and past environments. Involves learning.

Question 4

Species adaption

Answer 4

Involves natural selection, adaptions passed in through genes, and become apart of a species nature.

Question 5

Classical conditioning

Answer 5

When a neutral stimulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response; first studied by Ivan Pavlov.

Question 6

Pavlov

Answer 6

Studied salivary responses in dogs and found that it is a natural response with no learning involved.

Question 7

Learning to associate two stimuli (principles of classical conditioning)

Answer 7

One stimulus elicits a response that was originally elicited only by the other stimulus.

Question 8

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Answer 8

Elicits a reflexive or innate, unconditioned response (UCR) without prior learning.

Question 9

Unconditoned response (UCR)

Answer 9

Response elicited by the UCS without prior learning.

Question 10

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 10

Through association with the UCS, comes to elicit a conditioned response similar to the original (UCR)

Question 11

Conditioned response (CR)

Answer 11

Response elicited by a conditioned stimulus.

Question 12

Extinction

Answer 12

Process in which CS is presented in the absence of an UCS. Causes the CR to weaken and eventually disappear.

Question 13

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 13

After a rest period without any new learning trials there is a reappearance of previously extinguished CR.

Question 14

Acquisition

Answer 14

Period during which association is being learned.

Question 15

Generalization

Answer 15

Stimuli that are similar to the initial CS elicits a CR and aids in survival.

Question 16

Discrimination

Answer 16

CR occurs to one stimulus but not to another. Weaker responses as stimuli become less similar.

Question 17

Exposure therapy

Answer 17

Extinction of CR through exposure to CS without presence of an UCS.

Question 18

Systematic desensitization

Answer 18

Muscular relaxation paired with gradual exposure to fear-inducing stimulus.

Question 19

Throndike’s Law of effect

Answer 19

Response followed by a satisfying consenquence more likely to occur. Response followed by a unsatisfying consenquence less likely to occur

Question 20

Operant conditioning

Answer 20

Skinner, reinforcement, punishment

Question 21

Skinner

Answer 21

faciliates personal adaption

Question 22

Reinforcement

Answer 22

Response strengthened by outcome that follows.

Question 23

Punishment

Answer 23

Response weakened by outcome that follows.

Question 24

Operant conditioning def

Answer 24

Behaviour changes as a result of consequences that follow it.

Question 25

Positive reinforcement

Answer 25

Response is strengthened by presentation of a stimulus (the positive reinforcer) that follows it.

Question 26

Negative reinforcement

Answer 26

Response strengthened by removal (or avoidance) of an aversive stimulus (negative reinforcer)

Question 27

Shaping

Answer 27

Reinforce successive approximations toward a final response

Question 28

Chaining

Answer 28

Reinforce each response with opportuntiy to perform the next response. Develops a sequence of behaviors.

Question 29

Continuous reinforcement

Answer 29

Every response of a particular type is reinforced.

Question 30

Partial reinforcement

Answer 30

Only some responses are reinforced

Question 31

Biological preparedness

Answer 31

Biologically prewired to learn behaviours related to survival

Question 32

Edward Tolman

Answer 32

saw operant conditioning as a means-ends relationship.

Question 33

Observational learning

Answer 33

Learning that occurs by observing the beahviour of a model