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Physiology > Membranes And Muscle Contraction > Flashcards

Membranes And Muscle Contraction Flashcards

1
Q

What is voltage?

A

Electric potential difference

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2
Q

What is resistance?

A

Opposition to the passage of electrical current

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3
Q

Which way does sodium want to go?

A

In the cell

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4
Q

Which way does potassium want to go?

A

Out of the cell

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5
Q

What is the normal resting potential of a cell?

A

-70mV

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6
Q

What is the absolute refractory state?

A

Time when another action potential cannot be generated

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7
Q

What is the relative refractory period?

A

Time when a stronger than normal stimulus could trigger another action potential

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8
Q

What ion ratio does the na-k pump, pump?

A

3 na out

2 k in

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9
Q

What is hyperkalemia?

A

Increased extra cellular k+ resulting in cell being more excitable

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10
Q

What is hypokalemia?

A

Decrease in extra cellular k+ leading to less excitable cell

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11
Q

What affect does increasing the Ca++ have?

A

Makes cell less excitable

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12
Q

What affect does decreasing the Ca++ have?

A

Makes cell more excitable

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13
Q

What is the neuromuscular junction?

A

Site of innervation

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14
Q

What does the sarcoplasmic reticulum primarily do?

A

Store and release Ca++

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15
Q

What are terminal cisternae?

A

Enlarged portions of SR nearest t-tubules

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16
Q

What are transverse tubules?

A

Tube through which action potentials propagate into muscle near SR

17
Q

What is the A-band?

A

Dark, myosin band

18
Q

What is the I-band?

A

Light actin filaments and z line

19
Q

What is the H-zone

A

Center of A band with just myosin

20
Q

What is the M-line?

A

Center or H-zone to which myosin anchors

21
Q

What are titins?

A

Proteins that anchor thick filaments to z-discs. Helps muscle spring back

22
Q

Which sections shorten during contraction?

A

I-band
H-zone
Sarcomere

23
Q

How do calcium, troponin and tropomyosin interact?

A

Calcium binds troponin which shifts and pulls tropomyosin over to expose binding sites on actin for myosin

24
Q

What are the 9 main events of skeletal muscle contraction?

A 
1-AP initiates
2-AP triggers release of Ach
3-Ach diffuses to muscle fiber
4-Local depolarization occurs
5-EPP triggers AP in muscle
6-AP triggers release of Ca++ from SR
7-Ca++ binds troponin, shifting tropomyosin
8-Energized myosin binds actin and shortens
9-Cytoplasmic ca++ is pumped back to SR
25
Q

What are the 3 energy sources for muscle contraction?

A 
Creatine phosphate- 1 ATP
Anaerobic respiration (glycogen)- 2ATP
Cellular respiration (aerobic)- 38ATP, heat water and CO2
26
Q

What is isotonic contraction?

A

Tension force is greater than load and muscle shortens

27
Q

What is isometric contraction?

A

Load exceeds tension and muscle does not shorten

28
Q

What is type 1 motor units?

A

Slow twitch- always active

29
Q

What is type 2 motor units?

A

Fast twitch

30
Q

6 basic components of reflex?

A 
1-sensory receptor
2-sensory/afferent neuron 
3-integration to CNS
4-interneuron
5-motor/efferent
6-an effector
31
Q

What is a stretch reflex?

A

Spindles sensitive to muscle length. Activated alpha motor neurons and Stimulates muscle to contract. Knee jerk

32
Q

What are the subtypes of muscle fibers?

A

Extrafusal-innervated by alpha motor neurons

Intrafusal- innervated by gamma motor neurons

33
Q

What is a Golgi (deep) tendon reflex?

A

Reflex sensitive to tendon tension causing muscle to relax by inhibiting alpha motor neurons

34
Q

What is current?

A

Flow of electrical force

35
Q

What do extrafusal muscle fibers do?

A

Provide force of contraction

36
Q

What do intrafusal muscle fibers do?

A

Detect fast (group Ia) and static changes (group II)

Physiology (15 decks)

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