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neurology > Membrane potential, action potentials and synaptic transmission and perception > Flashcards

Membrane potential, action potentials and synaptic transmission and perception Flashcards

1
Q

what is a membrane potential

A

difference in charge between the extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid

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2
Q

What is the concentration of sodium inside and outside of the cell

A

out 150mmol

in 15mmol

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3
Q

What is the concentration of potassium ions inside and outside of the cell

A

out 5mmol

in 150mmol

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4
Q

What is the concentration of anions inside and outside of the cell

A

out 0

in 65mmol

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5
Q

what has higher permeability potassium or sodium ions

A

potassium

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6
Q

If the positive concentration gradient is directed outside the cell which way is the electrical gradient directed

A

inside the cell

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7
Q

what is the main cause for the resting potential.

A

K+ diffuse out of the cells which creates a positive charge outside the cell.

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8
Q

What is the formula to work out the membrane potential

A

E = 61 log conc out/ conc in

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9
Q

Na+ enter the cell from the outside(extracellular) which makes the potential more positive to overall charge. What is the potential differnence

A

-70mv

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10
Q

Quickly describe the process of an ap being generated- using the graph with certain channels opening etc

what is threshold potential to

A

At resting potential , stimulus cause NA to open and reach threshold of -55 positive feedback causes voltage. gated sodium channels to open from threshold to to peak.
Pd now at +30mv , Na volatge gated close which is triggered at threshold but slow.
Efflux of K+ causes repolarisation. Potassium channels( I gate) open at threshold potential put slow. Pd overshoots causing hyperolarisation where potassium channels close.

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11
Q

What is the refractory period?

what molecules restore this

A

Ap ions are in the wrong place so restored by PAMPS

this makes sure the cell can recover and AP are only transmitted in one direction

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12
Q

What is GABA

A

GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter which binds to the GABA a receptor and causes hyperpolarisation of the post synaptic membrane due to causing an influx of K+
GABAb - potassium efflux
GABAa - influx of CL-

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13
Q

Temporal summation

A

2 or more AP I quick succession release enough neurotransmitter to trigger AP on next neuron

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14
Q

Spatical summation

A

pre neurones simultaneously coverage to release small amount of neurotransmitter - multi stimuli in 1 response

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15
Q

soma

A

body of the neurone

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16
Q

what does the axon do

A

carries impulses from the body

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17
Q

axon hillock

A

soma binds to the axon- where the theshold potential is met , all or nothing potential

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18
Q

intensity of AP

A

firing frequency

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19
Q

difference between neurone and a nerve

A

Neurone is one cell and a nerve is made up from multiple nerves.

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20
Q

Excitable cells – can generate an electrical current through ion channels what are the two types of excitable cells

A

muscle and nerve

21
Q

Neurofibrils are special features of neurones - what do they do?

A

provide cellular stability ad structure

  • Chains of tuberin running along axon to cell body and axon terminal
  • Moves vesicles along axon with foot like projections
22
Q

What are neurotubules?

A

microtubule transport system ,
chains of tubulin that run from the soma to the axon terminal
and have transport molecules on the chains that move vesicles along the outside of tubules -foot like process

23
Q

cell body —- axon terminal carries:

A

neurotransmitter vesicles, proteins and lipids on kinesis

24
Q

axon terminal —– cell body carries:

A

cell debris on dynein - energy dependent

25
Q

wha does myelin provide and where does depolarisation take place

A

electrical insulation - and depolarisation takes place at the nodes of ranvier

26
Q

what is saltatory conduction

A

ions only diffuse at gaps. local currents elongated speeding up transmission

27
Q

Describe what a Schwann cell is where it is found

A
  • In peripheral nervous system, Schwann cell wraps around one neurone.
28
Q

describe what an oligodendrocyte is and where it is found

A
  • In central nervous system, oligodendrocyte has multiple arms which wraps around multiple axons.
29
Q

grey matter

A

cell bodies

30
Q

white matter

A

axons

31
Q

grey matter is found where in the brain

A

peripherally but central in the spinal cord

32
Q

what are glial cells

A

non-neuronal cells in the CNS

33
Q

4 types of glial cells

A

oligodendrocytes
astrocytes
microglia
ependymal

34
Q

what are astrocytes

A

maintain microstructure,

blood brain barrier

35
Q

what are microglia and what do they produce

A

immune cell ( monocyte) produce growth factors

36
Q

what are ependymal cells

A

produce CSF , line CSf spaces, cilia aid CSF movement

37
Q

3 connective tissues of nerves

A

endoneurium - connective tissue around myelin sheath of ash myelinated nerve fibre in PNS
perineurium - surrounds bundle( fascicles) of nerve fibres within a nerve
fascicles - bundle of axons , nerve fascicle - PNS in CNS this is known as a nerve tract
epineurium - surrounds peripheral nerve -BV

38
Q

3 main roles of peripheral nerves

A

motor, sensory and autonomic

39
Q

efferent neurones

A

away from the CNS

40
Q

afferent neurones

A

towards the CNS

41
Q

what is fibre class based on

A

diameter and myelination

42
Q

What are Adelta fibres function

A

fast pain and temperature towards the CNS

43
Q

What are Abeta fibres function

A

afferent for touch and pressure

44
Q

somatic sensory modalities (4)

A

tactile - pressure, touch and vibration
pain
proprioception - positions of limbs and static movement
thermal

45
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

deformation and stretching

46
Q

thermoreceptors

A

temp

47
Q

nociceptors

A

pain

48
Q

What are the 2 types of nerve endings

A

free nerve endings - dendrites sit in tissue where single detected
encapsulated nerve endings - deformed and enhances sensitivity - touch pressure and vibration

neurology (13 decks)

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