Mem and Lan (8)

Question 1

What is the principle of distributed practice?

Answer 1

spaced learning > massed learning

Question 2

What is maintenance rehearsal?

Answer 2

mechanical process of recycling, simple repetition

Question 3

What is the generation effect?

Answer 3

Better memory if you make up the answer yourself

Question 4

Why is testing and feedback important?

Answer 4

Means self-generated errors do not persist

Question 5

Does motivation have an effect on learning?

Answer 5

no effect from motivation (if full attention given to task)

Question 6

What is the organisation principle?

Answer 6

easier to learn if material is meaningful and can be organised

Question 7

What is dual recoding?

Answer 7

Better memory if word is paired with a visual image

Question 8

What does the verbal component do in dual recoding?

Answer 8

provides “symbolic” verbal code

Question 9

What does the visual component do in dual recoding?

Answer 9

provides an analogue mental image

Question 10

Why is studying with a friend beneficial?

Answer 10

new retrieval paths form as you explain things to each other

Question 11

How does the ‘Level of Processing’ affect learning?

Answer 11

deeper processing produces more elaborate, longer lasting, and stronger memory traces

Question 12

Strengths of Levels of Processing?

Answer 12

1. Places emphasis on memory processes rather than memory structures.
2. True in general that elaborative processing leads to better retention.

Question 13

Weaknesses of Levels of Processing?

Answer 13

1. Effects are only truly seen if the study methods match the test methods
2. Works for explicit memory, but less in implicit memory tests.

Question 14

What is elaborative rehearsal?

Answer 14

The more you can connect with existing knowledge, the better your memory

Question 15

What is retrieval?

Answer 15

How we access information in LTM

Question 16

What is a retrieval cue?

Answer 16

bits of information that allows access to memory trace.

Question 17

What is spreading activation?

Answer 17

levels of activation increase when something related is perceived/when attention is focused on the trace

Question 18

What is the encoding specificity principle?

Answer 18

item is encoded with respect to the context in which it is studied

Question 19

Why is the encoding specificity principle effective?

Answer 19

better retrieval when cue information matches the trace of the item-in-context

Question 20

What is context-dependent memory?

Answer 20

When features match between encoding and retrieval

Question 21

What factors are included in context dependent memory?

Answer 21

External environment
physiological
Mood dependent
Cognitive context dependent

Question 22

What is motivated forgetting?

Answer 22

forget unwanted memories, either consciously or unconsciously

Question 23

What is the benefit of motivated forgetting?

Answer 23

Can reduce anxiety of traumatic events

Question 24

What is direct forgetting?

Answer 24

Reduced long term memory due to instructions to forget information that had been previously learned

Question 25

What is Cue Dependent Forgetting?

Answer 25

failure to recall information without memorycues

Question 26

What is Consolidation?

Answer 26

Physiological process involved in keeping long term memories.

Question 27

What brain areas are involved in consolidation?

Answer 27

Thalamus
Temporal Cortex
Hippocampus
Fornix

Question 28

What is retrograde amnesia?

Answer 28

loss of memory-access to events that occurred, or information that was learned, before an injury

Question 29

What is Anterograde Amnesia?

Answer 29

loss of memory-access to events that occurred, or information that was learned, after an injury

Question 30

What is Reconsolidation?

Answer 30

New consolidation process that occurs when a previously formed memory trace is reactivated

Question 31

What is Korsakoff’s syndrome?

Answer 31

Amnesia caused by chronic alcoholism