Mem and Lan (4)b Flashcards
4 stages of eyewitness memory?
Perceptual stage
Encoding stage
Storage stage
Retrieval stage
Factors that can affect eyewitness memory?
Lighting
Stress
Time
Questioning
What is confirmation bias?
Tendency for eyewitness memory to be distorted by the eyewitness’s prior expectations
What is the Yerkes Dodson law of optimal arousal?
Memory for central aspects of a violent event are better than memory for a non-violent event
What is the weapon focus effect?
Weapon focus greater when unexpected, stress causes narrowing of attention
What stage of eyewitness memory does the law of arousal and the weapon focus effect occur at?
Encoding stage
At the storage stage what happens to memory over time and in what nature does it follow?
degrades over time, follows an ebbinhausian nature.
What is the path of an Ebbinghausian curve?
sharp drop within 20 mins., continued forgetting until leveling out 2days after event
What is the cross race effect?
tendency to more easily recognize faces of the race that one is most familiar with
What is the unconscious transference effect?
Tendency of eye witness to misidentify a familiar but innocent face as the perpetrator
What is proactive interference?
tendency of previously learned material to hinder subsequent recall
What is retroactive interference?
tendency of later learning to hinder the memory of previously learned material.
What is source misattribution?
Source of post-event information memory trace is wrongly attributed to the original event
What is a vacant memory slot?
Misinformation more likely to be accepted if original correct info did not get stored
What is memory coexistence?
both original and misleading info, but misleading is more recent -> obscures original memory trace
What is blending?
Correct info and misinformation combined together
What is a response bias?
Responses to impress the experimenter
5 stages of a cognitive interview?
- Recreate external & internal context
- Report everything, even if fragmented
- Report event in different orders.
- Report from different perspectives
- Do not interrupt witness in middle of narrative
2 ways in which stage 1 of a cognitive interview aids recall?
mood congruency
encoding specificity
What is mood congruency?
tendency to remember past information if current mood is similar to mood of when memory was formed
What is encoding specificity?
memories are more easily retrieved if emotional cues at the time of retrieval are similar to those in existence at the time the memory was stored
How does stage 3 of a cognitive interview aid recall?
Different retrieval pathways lead to different details
How does stage 4 of a cognitive interview aid recall?
alternative retrieval pathways, can make some info more salient.
How does stage 5 of a cognitive interview aid recall?
Prevents disruption of natural retrieval process
What is Hyperthymestic Syndrome?
Exceptional ability to remember events of ones own life
What is the misinformation effect?
Distorting effect on eyewitness memory of misleading info presented after a crime
What are the stages in prospective memory?
- Intention formation
- Monitoring for event/time cue
- Cue detection and intention retrieval
- intention recall
What does stage one of prospective memory involve?
Forms intention linked to a specific cue
What does stage 2 of prospective memory involve?
Retention interval, delay between formation and execution, environmental monitoring for environmental cues
What does stage 3 of prospective memory involve?
Individual detects and recognises relevant cue
What does stage 4 of prospective memory involved?
Individual retrieves intention from retrospective memory
What is time-based prospective memory?
Carry out intended action at specific time
What is event-based prospective memory?
Carry out intended action during a specific circumstance
