megadeck Flashcards
True or false: The oral bioavailability of a drug is the percentage of a drug which reaches the systemic circulation.
True
True or false: The drugs most likely to give rise to drug interactions are those which have a steep dose-response curve.
True
True or false: Bioavailability is defined as the percentage of a drug dose within the systemic circulation.
True
True or false: Impaired hepatic functions may lead to increased pharmacodynamic effect.
True
True or false: There are fewer than 100,000 genes in the human genome.
True
True or false: Gene therapy is science fiction.
False
True or false: A nonsense mutation causes the synthesis of a protein to be terminated prematurely.
True
True or false: The cystic fibrosis gene product is an ion channel protein.
True
True or false: In screening, the test used should have low sensitivity and specificity.
False
True or false: Bacterial endotoxins can sometimes be chemically modified to provide antigens for immunisation.
True
True or false: Staphylococcus epidermidis is an example of a Gram-positive coccus.
True
True or false: All penicillins are inactivated by beta-lactamase.
False
True or false: Aciclovir is used to treat infection with all herpes viruses.
False
True or false: Both exogenous and endogenous substances can cause primary chronic inflammation.
True
True or false: Cystic fibrosis is most common in Asian people.
False
True or false: Transcription = synthesis of protein on a mRNA template.
False
True or false: Which genetic code-words are assigned to which amino acids depends on the organism in which the code is working.
False
True or false: Hepatitis B virus is associated with human malignancy.
True
True or false: Human papilloma virus type 16 is associated with human malignancy.
True
True or false: Phase 2 reactions produce water soluble conjugates which are excreted in the urine or bile.
True
True or false: Drug interactions are more likely to occur with drugs which are highly protein bound.
True
True or false: In randomised controlled trials assessment is always carried out by blinded observers.
False
True or false: the state of having two identical alleles of a gene is called ‘heterozygous’.
False
True or false: Interphase is the stage of the cell cycle when chromosomes are most visible.
False
True or false: The founder effect is defined as random fluctuation of one allele transmitted to a high proportion of offspring by chance.
False
True or false: Uncles and nieces share on average 25% of their autosomal alleles.
True
True or false: The purpose of MMR genes is to create errors during DNA replication.
False
True or false: In SPECT, gamma cameras stay in place to focus on an area of interest.
False
True or false: Bacterial and human ribosomes are identical.
False
True or false: Light microscopy can be used in the routine laboratory to examine unstained specimens of urine and cereberospinal fluid (CSF) for the presence of pus (white blood cells).
True
True or false: Light microscopy can be used in the routine laboratory to identify mycobacteria in clinical specimens after Gram staining.
False
True or false: Prophylaxis should be given before every operation.
False
True or false: Fibroblasts produce fibrinogen.
False
True or false: In genetics, when drawing a pedigree, consanguinity is indicated with a single horizontal line.
False
True or false: Sunlight causes skin cancer by damaging the structure of DNA.
True
True or false: mRNA has a distinct lifetime within the cytoplasm of the cell and its degradation helps control protein production.
True
True or false: The liver is a common site for metastatic carcinoma.
True
True or false: Benign tumours can cause negative health effects.
True
True or false: The acetylation and hydroxylation enzymes exhibit genetic polymorphism.
True
True or false: The oral bioavailability of a drug is reduced by high protein binding within the circulation.
False
True or false: Therapeutic trials are designed to show whether a treatment is of medical value.
True
True or false: Epilepsy is a genetic disease.
True
True or false: During the formation of gametes, the cells that form sperm go through fewer divisions than those that form eggs.
False
True or false: Germline mutations are nonheritable.
False
True or false: In staging of cancer, letter T is used to denote presence of distant metastases.
False
True or false: Inert or killed vaccines provide immediate protection after a single dose.
False
True or false: All antibiotic resistance is caused by genes carried on plasmids.
False
True or false: All bacteria produce spores.
False
True or false: In acute inflammation, red cells are found near endothelium and neutrophils aggregate in the centre of the lumen.
False
True or false: Pedigree charts: if the trait is dominant, every child that expresses the trait will have a parent that also expresses the trait.
True
True or false: Y-linked conditions occur only in males and in all their male descendants.
True
True or false: tRNA is transcribed from DNA and carries information for protein synthesis.
False
True or false: Adenoma is a benign tumour.
True
True or false: Oncogenes were originally derived from viral oncogenes.
False
True or false:
Therapeutic trials are designed to answer a precisely framed question.
True
True or false: Levodopa has a low bio-availability because it is metabolised in the gut wall.
True
True or false: The oral bioavailability of a drug is decreased by slowing gastric emptying time.
False
True or false: In randomised controlled trials the patients recruited must be suitable for any of the treatments.
True
True or false: The state of having two identical alleles of a gene is called ‘hemizygous’.
False
True or false: In order to diagnose a genetic disease by DNA analysis, you don’t have to know what the mutation responsible is.
True
True or false: An unaffected child whose parents are both carriers of cystic fibrosis has a 25% chance of being a carrier.
False
True or false: Imaging: Gastrograffin can be given to outline the gastrointestinal tract.
True
True or false: Streptococcus pyogenes is an example of a Gram-negative bacillus.
False
True or false: Amantadine is widely used to treat hepatitis B infection.
False
True or false: Escherichia coli is an example of a Gram-negative bacillus.
True
True or false: Immunisation with modified toxin (toxoid) rather than the organism itself often gives effective protection against the disease.
True
True or false: Corticosteroid therapy may adversely affect wound healing.
True
True or false: There is no direct recognition of an amino-acid by its codon.
True
True or false: There are 64 possible codons.
True
True or false: Oncogenes regulate cell growth.
True
True or false: Oncogenes are normal genes in eukaryotic (animal) cells.
True
True or false: Ionised compounds rapidly pass through lipid membranes.
False
True or false: Renal impairment will increase the toxicity of gentamicin.
True
True or false: Huntington’s disease has an autosomal dominant inheritance.
True
True or false: Most cystic fibrosis results from new mutations.
False
True or false: Aneuploidy is where part of one chromosome becomes joined incorrectly to part of another chromosome.
False
True or false: Most mutations have a visible effect on the phenotype.
False
True or false: Cells with well functioning MMR genes are most prone to accumulating errors.
False
True or false: SPECT is single proton excretion computed tomography.
False
True or false: An infection should ideally be treated with an antibiotic with high MIC for the causative organism.
False
True or false: Concerning diagnostic methods: ELISA (also called EIA) tests can be designed to measure antigen or antibody in serum.
True
True or false: Inflammation normally leads to neutropenia - reduced white cell count.
False
True or false: In genetics, when drawing a pedigree, a square is used for females and a circle is used for males.
False
True or false: One gene can be used as a blueprint for a number of different proteins due to alternative splicing
True
True or false: Genotype is the outward, physical manifestation of organism.
False
True or false: Skeletal muscle is a common site for metastatic carcinoma.
False
True or false: HNPCC is a heredity colorectal cancer syndrome where multiple adenomas are found.
False
True or false: Therapeutic drug monitoring is of value in the treatment of hypertension with atenolol.
False
True or false: In randomised controlled trials treatments are allocated randomly to patients.
True
True or false: X-linked alleles are passed from fathers to their daughters.
True
True or false: Individuals with one X chromosome but no Y chromosome are phenotypically female.
True
True or false: SPECT is routinely used for brain and cardiac studies.
True
True or false: Neisseria gonorrhoeae is an example of a Gram-positive coccus.
False
True or false: The complement fixation test detects killed virus in the patients blood.
False
True or false: Intravenous nystatin is indicated for the treatment of serious fungal infection.
False
True or false: The process of neutrophils squeezing between endothelial cells to extravascular tissues is called margination.
False
True or false: Pedigree charts: if the trait is recessive, every child that expresses the trait will have a parent that also expresses the trait.
False
True or false: Lightly-stained regions are heterochromatin.
False
True or false: Cytotoxic chemotherapy improves prognosis in breast cancer.
True
True or false: Evidence of malignancy in a tumour is suggested by nuclear pleomorphism.
True
True or false: Therapeutic trials are designed to show what are the disadvantages of a treatment.
True
True or false: The volume of distribution of a drug is decreased if the drug has high protein binding.
True
True or false: A missense mutation causes immediate termination of protein synthesis.
False
True or false: Restriction enzymes are used to diagnose genetic disease by analysing protein samples.
False
True or false: Recombination is more important than mutation in generating genetic diversity in humans.
True
True or false: Huntington’s disease has an autosomal recessive inheritance.
False
True or false: Concerning contrast media: MR contrast media have a higher mass number than body tissues.
True
True or false: Concerning diagnostic methods: a single elevated IgG titre is generally acceptable as serological proof of infection.
False
True or false: All Staph aureus strains are sensitive to flucloxacillin.
False
True or false: Penicillin allergic patients may also be allergic to cephalosporins.
True
True or false: Metronidazole is widely used to treat anaerobic infection.
True
True or false: Nitric oxide (NO) causes smooth muscle constriction.
False
True or false: Introns are sequences of RNA that are removed before the RNA is translated into protein.
True
True or false: In a sample of double-stranded DNA, the amount of adenine equals that of guanine, and the amount of cytosine equals that of thymine.
False
True or false: Point mutations are more common than frame-shift mutations.
True
True or false:
The lungs are a common site for metastatic carcinoma.
True
True or false: Evidence of malignancy in a tumour is suggested by invasion into adjacent blood vessels.
True
True or false:
Therapeutic drug monitoring is of value in the treatment of refractory atrial fibrillation with digoxin.
True
True or false: The use of sublingual nitrate bypasses firstpass metabolism in the liver.
True
True or false: Drug interactions are most likely to occur in patients receiving large numbers of drugs.
True
True or false: The oral bioavailability of a drug may be altered by different drug formulation.
True
True or false: There are more than 50,000 genes in the human genome.
False
True or false: Non-random mating leads to increased mutant alleles, thereby increasing proportion of affected homozygotes.
True
True or false: CT imaging can be used to assess the local spread of cancer.
True
True or false: Vancomycin is only active against Gram +ve organisms.
True
True or false: The different outcomes of clinical infection or colonisation are determined solely by the micro-organisms virulence factors.
False
True or false: Sickle-cell haemoglobin arises from a frame-shift mutation.
False
True or false: Dominant alleles only show if the individual has two copies of the dominant allele.
False
True or false: Cytotoxic chemotherapy cures most people with advanced cancer.
False
True or false: In X-linked recessive inheritance, males are less likely than females to be affected.
False
True or false: Neisseria gonorrhoeae is an example of a Gram-negative bacillus.
False
True or false: Therapeutic trials are unethical.
False
True or false: Down’s syndrome can be caused by a translocation.
True
True or false: For an autosomal dominant trait, an individual homozygous for the dominant allele has the same phenotype as a heterozygote.
True
True or false: Individuals with two X chromosomes and a Y chromosome are phenotypically male.
True
True or false: Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium: Allele frequencies change from generation to generation.
False
True or false: Physiological FDG uptake occurs in brain only.
False
True or false: Blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) have their own normal bacterial flora.
False
True or false: Thrush is due to overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria during broad spectrum antibiotic therapy.
False
True or false: An organism which is sensitive to an antibiotic will always be killed by it.
False
True or false: Tuberculosis, leprosy and syphilis are all examples of infectious granulomatous diseases.
True
True or false: Humans have 23 autosome pairs and one pair of sex chromosomes.
False
True or false: In randomised controlled trials a non-significant result in a trial means that the treatment is ineffective.
False
True or false: The oral bioavailability of GTN is increased by sub-lingual administration.
True
True or false: The urinary excretion of a drug is determined solely by the glomerular filtration rate.
False
True or false: A trait caused by a single gene will show a normal distribution in a population.
False
True or false: Clinicians don’t need to worry about the cell cycle.
False
True or false: If the frequency of an allele that causes an autosomal recessive genetic disease is 0.1, the frequency of affected individuals is 0.01.
True
True or false: Concerning the production of images: iodine131 is the most commonly used isotope for diagnostic purposes.
False
True or false: All bacteria have lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) in their cell walls.
False
True or false: Clostridium tetani is an example of a Gram-positive coccus.
False
True or false: Pasteurisation results in sterilisation of milk.
False
True or false: Crohn’s disease is the name given to the chronic inflammation of the thyroid gland.
False
True or false: Y-linked conditions only occur in females.
False
True or false: In genetics, when drawing a pedigree, solid shading is normally used to represent healthy individuals.
False
True or false: Rotavirus is associated with human malignancy.
False
True or false: Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium: Allele frequencies remain constant generation to generation.
True
True or false: Radiation dose from a single CT abdomen is approximately the same as that of 10 chest X-rays.
False
True or false: Dry heat can be used to sterilise all equipment.
False
True or false: Concerning diagnostic methods: the detection of antigen in CSF by agglutination may be useful in the diagnosis of meningitis.
True
True or false: Ischaemia may adversely affect wound healing.
True
True or false: ‘Enhancers’ are mRNA sequences concerned with the control of expression of genetic information.
True
True or false: In genetics, when drawing a pedigree, a diagonal line through a symbol means a person is deceased.
True
True or false: Cytotoxic chemotherapy always causes hair loss.
False
