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Principles of Disease Adele > megadeck > Flashcards

megadeck Flashcards

1
Q

True or false: The oral bioavailability of a drug is the percentage of a drug which reaches the systemic circulation.

A

True

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2
Q

True or false: The drugs most likely to give rise to drug interactions are those which have a steep dose-response curve.

A

True

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3
Q

True or false: Bioavailability is defined as the percentage of a drug dose within the systemic circulation.

A

True

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4
Q

True or false: Impaired hepatic functions may lead to increased pharmacodynamic effect.

A

True

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5
Q

True or false: There are fewer than 100,000 genes in the human genome.

A

True

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6
Q

True or false: Gene therapy is science fiction.

A

False

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7
Q

True or false: A nonsense mutation causes the synthesis of a protein to be terminated prematurely.

A

True

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8
Q

True or false: The cystic fibrosis gene product is an ion channel protein.

A

True

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9
Q

True or false: In screening, the test used should have low sensitivity and specificity.

A

False

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10
Q

True or false: Bacterial endotoxins can sometimes be chemically modified to provide antigens for immunisation.

A

True

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11
Q

True or false: Staphylococcus epidermidis is an example of a Gram-positive coccus.

A

True

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12
Q

True or false: All penicillins are inactivated by beta-lactamase.

A

False

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13
Q

True or false: Aciclovir is used to treat infection with all herpes viruses.

A

False

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14
Q

True or false: Both exogenous and endogenous substances can cause primary chronic inflammation.

A

True

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15
Q

True or false: Cystic fibrosis is most common in Asian people.

A

False

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16
Q

True or false: Transcription = synthesis of protein on a mRNA template.

A

False

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17
Q

True or false: Which genetic code-words are assigned to which amino acids depends on the organism in which the code is working.

A

False

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18
Q

True or false: Hepatitis B virus is associated with human malignancy.

A

True

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19
Q

True or false: Human papilloma virus type 16 is associated with human malignancy.

A

True

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20
Q

True or false: Phase 2 reactions produce water soluble conjugates which are excreted in the urine or bile.

A

True

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21
Q

True or false: Drug interactions are more likely to occur with drugs which are highly protein bound.

A

True

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22
Q

True or false: In randomised controlled trials assessment is always carried out by blinded observers.

A

False

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23
Q

True or false: the state of having two identical alleles of a gene is called ‘heterozygous’.

A

False

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24
Q

True or false: Interphase is the stage of the cell cycle when chromosomes are most visible.

A

False

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25
Q

True or false: The founder effect is defined as random fluctuation of one allele transmitted to a high proportion of offspring by chance.

A

False

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26
Q

True or false: Uncles and nieces share on average 25% of their autosomal alleles.

A

True

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27
Q

True or false: The purpose of MMR genes is to create errors during DNA replication.

A

False

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28
Q

True or false: In SPECT, gamma cameras stay in place to focus on an area of interest.

A

False

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29
Q

True or false: Bacterial and human ribosomes are identical.

A

False

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30
Q

True or false: Light microscopy can be used in the routine laboratory to examine unstained specimens of urine and cereberospinal fluid (CSF) for the presence of pus (white blood cells).

A

True

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31
Q

True or false: Light microscopy can be used in the routine laboratory to identify mycobacteria in clinical specimens after Gram staining.

A

False

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32
Q

True or false: Prophylaxis should be given before every operation.

A

False

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33
Q

True or false: Fibroblasts produce fibrinogen.

A

False

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34
Q

True or false: In genetics, when drawing a pedigree, consanguinity is indicated with a single horizontal line.

A

False

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35
Q

True or false: Sunlight causes skin cancer by damaging the structure of DNA.

A

True

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36
Q

True or false: mRNA has a distinct lifetime within the cytoplasm of the cell and its degradation helps control protein production.

A

True

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37
Q

True or false: The liver is a common site for metastatic carcinoma.

A

True

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38
Q

True or false: Benign tumours can cause negative health effects.

A

True

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39
Q

True or false: The acetylation and hydroxylation enzymes exhibit genetic polymorphism.

A

True

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40
Q

True or false: The oral bioavailability of a drug is reduced by high protein binding within the circulation.

A

False

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41
Q

True or false: Therapeutic trials are designed to show whether a treatment is of medical value.

A

True

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42
Q

True or false: Epilepsy is a genetic disease.

A

True

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43
Q

True or false: During the formation of gametes, the cells that form sperm go through fewer divisions than those that form eggs.

A

False

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44
Q

True or false: Germline mutations are nonheritable.

A

False

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45
Q

True or false: In staging of cancer, letter T is used to denote presence of distant metastases.

A

False

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46
Q

True or false: Inert or killed vaccines provide immediate protection after a single dose.

A

False

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47
Q

True or false: All antibiotic resistance is caused by genes carried on plasmids.

A

False

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48
Q

True or false: All bacteria produce spores.

A

False

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49
Q

True or false: In acute inflammation, red cells are found near endothelium and neutrophils aggregate in the centre of the lumen.

A

False

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50
Q

True or false: Pedigree charts: if the trait is dominant, every child that expresses the trait will have a parent that also expresses the trait.

A

True

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51
Q

True or false: Y-linked conditions occur only in males and in all their male descendants.

A

True

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52
Q

True or false: tRNA is transcribed from DNA and carries information for protein synthesis.

A

False

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53
Q

True or false: Adenoma is a benign tumour.

A

True

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54
Q

True or false: Oncogenes were originally derived from viral oncogenes.

A

False

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55
Q

True or false:

Therapeutic trials are designed to answer a precisely framed question.

A

True

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56
Q

True or false: Levodopa has a low bio-availability because it is metabolised in the gut wall.

A

True

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57
Q

True or false: The oral bioavailability of a drug is decreased by slowing gastric emptying time.

A

False

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58
Q

True or false: In randomised controlled trials the patients recruited must be suitable for any of the treatments.

A

True

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59
Q

True or false: The state of having two identical alleles of a gene is called ‘hemizygous’.

A

False

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60
Q

True or false: In order to diagnose a genetic disease by DNA analysis, you don’t have to know what the mutation responsible is.

A

True

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61
Q

True or false: An unaffected child whose parents are both carriers of cystic fibrosis has a 25% chance of being a carrier.

A

False

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62
Q

True or false: Imaging: Gastrograffin can be given to outline the gastrointestinal tract.

A

True

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63
Q

True or false: Streptococcus pyogenes is an example of a Gram-negative bacillus.

A

False

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64
Q

True or false: Amantadine is widely used to treat hepatitis B infection.

A

False

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65
Q

True or false: Escherichia coli is an example of a Gram-negative bacillus.

A

True

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66
Q

True or false: Immunisation with modified toxin (toxoid) rather than the organism itself often gives effective protection against the disease.

A

True

67
Q

True or false: Corticosteroid therapy may adversely affect wound healing.

A

True

68
Q

True or false: There is no direct recognition of an amino-acid by its codon.

A

True

69
Q

True or false: There are 64 possible codons.

A

True

70
Q

True or false: Oncogenes regulate cell growth.

A

True

71
Q

True or false: Oncogenes are normal genes in eukaryotic (animal) cells.

A

True

72
Q

True or false: Ionised compounds rapidly pass through lipid membranes.

A

False

73
Q

True or false: Renal impairment will increase the toxicity of gentamicin.

A

True

74
Q

True or false: Huntington’s disease has an autosomal dominant inheritance.

A

True

75
Q

True or false: Most cystic fibrosis results from new mutations.

A

False

76
Q

True or false: Aneuploidy is where part of one chromosome becomes joined incorrectly to part of another chromosome.

A

False

77
Q

True or false: Most mutations have a visible effect on the phenotype.

A

False

78
Q

True or false: Cells with well functioning MMR genes are most prone to accumulating errors.

A

False

79
Q

True or false: SPECT is single proton excretion computed tomography.

A

False

80
Q

True or false: An infection should ideally be treated with an antibiotic with high MIC for the causative organism.

A

False

81
Q

True or false: Concerning diagnostic methods: ELISA (also called EIA) tests can be designed to measure antigen or antibody in serum.

A

True

82
Q

True or false: Inflammation normally leads to neutropenia - reduced white cell count.

A

False

83
Q

True or false: In genetics, when drawing a pedigree, a square is used for females and a circle is used for males.

A

False

84
Q

True or false: One gene can be used as a blueprint for a number of different proteins due to alternative splicing

A

True

85
Q

True or false: Genotype is the outward, physical manifestation of organism.

A

False

86
Q

True or false: Skeletal muscle is a common site for metastatic carcinoma.

A

False

87
Q

True or false: HNPCC is a heredity colorectal cancer syndrome where multiple adenomas are found.

A

False

88
Q

True or false: Therapeutic drug monitoring is of value in the treatment of hypertension with atenolol.

A

False

89
Q

True or false: In randomised controlled trials treatments are allocated randomly to patients.

A

True

90
Q

True or false: X-linked alleles are passed from fathers to their daughters.

A

True

91
Q

True or false: Individuals with one X chromosome but no Y chromosome are phenotypically female.

A

True

92
Q

True or false: SPECT is routinely used for brain and cardiac studies.

A

True

93
Q

True or false: Neisseria gonorrhoeae is an example of a Gram-positive coccus.

A

False

94
Q

True or false: The complement fixation test detects killed virus in the patients blood.

A

False

95
Q

True or false: Intravenous nystatin is indicated for the treatment of serious fungal infection.

A

False

96
Q

True or false: The process of neutrophils squeezing between endothelial cells to extravascular tissues is called margination.

A

False

97
Q

True or false: Pedigree charts: if the trait is recessive, every child that expresses the trait will have a parent that also expresses the trait.

A

False

98
Q

True or false: Lightly-stained regions are heterochromatin.

A

False

99
Q

True or false: Cytotoxic chemotherapy improves prognosis in breast cancer.

A

True

100
Q

True or false: Evidence of malignancy in a tumour is suggested by nuclear pleomorphism.

A

True

101
Q

True or false: Therapeutic trials are designed to show what are the disadvantages of a treatment.

A

True

102
Q

True or false: The volume of distribution of a drug is decreased if the drug has high protein binding.

A

True

103
Q

True or false: A missense mutation causes immediate termination of protein synthesis.

A

False

104
Q

True or false: Restriction enzymes are used to diagnose genetic disease by analysing protein samples.

A

False

105
Q

True or false: Recombination is more important than mutation in generating genetic diversity in humans.

A

True

106
Q

True or false: Huntington’s disease has an autosomal recessive inheritance.

A

False

107
Q

True or false: Concerning contrast media: MR contrast media have a higher mass number than body tissues.

A

True

108
Q

True or false: Concerning diagnostic methods: a single elevated IgG titre is generally acceptable as serological proof of infection.

A

False

109
Q

True or false: All Staph aureus strains are sensitive to flucloxacillin.

A

False

110
Q

True or false: Penicillin allergic patients may also be allergic to cephalosporins.

A

True

111
Q

True or false: Metronidazole is widely used to treat anaerobic infection.

A

True

112
Q

True or false: Nitric oxide (NO) causes smooth muscle constriction.

A

False

113
Q

True or false: Introns are sequences of RNA that are removed before the RNA is translated into protein.

A

True

114
Q

True or false: In a sample of double-stranded DNA, the amount of adenine equals that of guanine, and the amount of cytosine equals that of thymine.

A

False

115
Q

True or false: Point mutations are more common than frame-shift mutations.

A

True

116
Q

True or false:

The lungs are a common site for metastatic carcinoma.

A

True

117
Q

True or false: Evidence of malignancy in a tumour is suggested by invasion into adjacent blood vessels.

A

True

118
Q

True or false:

Therapeutic drug monitoring is of value in the treatment of refractory atrial fibrillation with digoxin.

A

True

119
Q

True or false: The use of sublingual nitrate bypasses firstpass metabolism in the liver.

A

True

120
Q

True or false: Drug interactions are most likely to occur in patients receiving large numbers of drugs.

A

True

121
Q

True or false: The oral bioavailability of a drug may be altered by different drug formulation.

A

True

122
Q

True or false: There are more than 50,000 genes in the human genome.

A

False

123
Q

True or false: Non-random mating leads to increased mutant alleles, thereby increasing proportion of affected homozygotes.

A

True

124
Q

True or false: CT imaging can be used to assess the local spread of cancer.

A

True

125
Q

True or false: Vancomycin is only active against Gram +ve organisms.

A

True

126
Q

True or false: The different outcomes of clinical infection or colonisation are determined solely by the micro-organisms virulence factors.

A

False

127
Q

True or false: Sickle-cell haemoglobin arises from a frame-shift mutation.

A

False

128
Q

True or false: Dominant alleles only show if the individual has two copies of the dominant allele.

A

False

129
Q

True or false: Cytotoxic chemotherapy cures most people with advanced cancer.

A

False

130
Q

True or false: In X-linked recessive inheritance, males are less likely than females to be affected.

A

False

131
Q

True or false: Neisseria gonorrhoeae is an example of a Gram-negative bacillus.

A

False

132
Q

True or false: Therapeutic trials are unethical.

A

False

133
Q

True or false: Down’s syndrome can be caused by a translocation.

A

True

134
Q

True or false: For an autosomal dominant trait, an individual homozygous for the dominant allele has the same phenotype as a heterozygote.

A

True

135
Q

True or false: Individuals with two X chromosomes and a Y chromosome are phenotypically male.

A

True

136
Q

True or false: Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium: Allele frequencies change from generation to generation.

A

False

137
Q

True or false: Physiological FDG uptake occurs in brain only.

A

False

138
Q

True or false: Blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) have their own normal bacterial flora.

A

False

139
Q

True or false: Thrush is due to overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria during broad spectrum antibiotic therapy.

A

False

140
Q

True or false: An organism which is sensitive to an antibiotic will always be killed by it.

A

False

141
Q

True or false: Tuberculosis, leprosy and syphilis are all examples of infectious granulomatous diseases.

A

True

142
Q

True or false: Humans have 23 autosome pairs and one pair of sex chromosomes.

A

False

143
Q

True or false: In randomised controlled trials a non-significant result in a trial means that the treatment is ineffective.

A

False

144
Q

True or false: The oral bioavailability of GTN is increased by sub-lingual administration.

A

True

145
Q

True or false: The urinary excretion of a drug is determined solely by the glomerular filtration rate.

A

False

146
Q

True or false: A trait caused by a single gene will show a normal distribution in a population.

A

False

147
Q

True or false: Clinicians don’t need to worry about the cell cycle.

A

False

148
Q

True or false: If the frequency of an allele that causes an autosomal recessive genetic disease is 0.1, the frequency of affected individuals is 0.01.

A

True

149
Q

True or false: Concerning the production of images: iodine131 is the most commonly used isotope for diagnostic purposes.

A

False

150
Q

True or false: All bacteria have lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) in their cell walls.

A

False

151
Q

True or false: Clostridium tetani is an example of a Gram-positive coccus.

A

False

152
Q

True or false: Pasteurisation results in sterilisation of milk.

A

False

153
Q

True or false: Crohn’s disease is the name given to the chronic inflammation of the thyroid gland.

A

False

154
Q

True or false: Y-linked conditions only occur in females.

A

False

155
Q

True or false: In genetics, when drawing a pedigree, solid shading is normally used to represent healthy individuals.

A

False

156
Q

True or false: Rotavirus is associated with human malignancy.

A

False

157
Q

True or false: Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium: Allele frequencies remain constant generation to generation.

A

True

158
Q

True or false: Radiation dose from a single CT abdomen is approximately the same as that of 10 chest X-rays.

A

False

159
Q

True or false: Dry heat can be used to sterilise all equipment.

A

False

160
Q

True or false: Concerning diagnostic methods: the detection of antigen in CSF by agglutination may be useful in the diagnosis of meningitis.

A

True

161
Q

True or false: Ischaemia may adversely affect wound healing.

A

True

162
Q

True or false: ‘Enhancers’ are mRNA sequences concerned with the control of expression of genetic information.

A

True

163
Q

True or false: In genetics, when drawing a pedigree, a diagonal line through a symbol means a person is deceased.

A

True

164
Q

True or false: Cytotoxic chemotherapy always causes hair loss.

A

False

Principles of Disease Adele (7 decks)

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