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Principles of Disease Adele > Inflammation > Flashcards

Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

A 
Rubor
Calor
Tumor
Dolor
Loss of function
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2
Q

What does rubor mean in the context of the cardinal signs of inflammation?

A

Redness

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3
Q

What does calor mean in the context of the cardinal signs of inflammation?

A

Heat

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4
Q

What does tumor mean in the context of the cardinal signs of inflammation?

A

Swelling

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5
Q

What does dolor mean in the context of the cardinal signs of inflammation?

A

Pain

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6
Q

List 5 possible causes of acute inflammation

A 
Any of:
Microorganisms (infection)
Mechanical (injury)
Chemical (burns)
Physical (extreme conditions)
Dead tissue (irritates adjacent tissue)
Hypersensitivity
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7
Q

What is microcirculation?

A

Capillary beds, fed by arterioles and drained by venules

Extracellular space and fluid and molecules within it

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8
Q

Why does increasing the radius of the blood vessel increase the blood flow?

A

According to Poiseuille’s law, flow is proportional to the radius to the power of four

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9
Q

What is oedema?

A

Accumulation of fluid in the extravascular space

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10
Q

What are the three phases of emigration of neutrophils?

A

Margination, pavementing and emigration

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11
Q

What happens in the margination phase of neutrophil emigration?

A

Neutrophils move to endothelial aspect of lumen

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12
Q

What happens in the pavementing phase of neutrophil emigration?

A

Neutrophils adhere to endothelium

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13
Q

What happens in the emigration phase of neutrophil emigration?

A

Neutrophils squeeze between endothelial cells to extravascular tissues

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14
Q

Name some of the benefits of acute inflammation

A 
Rapid response to nonspecific insult
Transient protection of inflamed area
Neutrophils destroy organisms and denature antigen for macrophages
Plasma proteins localise process
Resolution and return to normal
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15
Q

What are some of the outcomes of acute inflammation?

A

Resolution
Suppuration
Organisation
Chronic inflammation

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16
Q

What is inflammation of the peritoneal cavity known as?

A

Peritonitis

17
Q

What is inflammation of the meninges known as?

A

Meningitis

18
Q

What is inflammation of the appendix known as?

A

Appendicitis

19
Q

What is inflammation of the lungs known as?

A

Pneumonia

20
Q

What is inflammation of the pleural cavity known as?

A

Pleurisy

21
Q

What is the role of a neutrophil?

A

Mobile phagocytes that recognise foreign antigens, move towards it (chemotaxis), and adhere to the organism. Release granule contents (oxidants like H2O2 and enzymes like proteases), phagocytose and destroy the organism.

22
Q

What role does fibrinogen play in inflammation?

A

Coagulation factor
Forms fibrin and clots up exudate
Localises inflammatory process

23
Q

What are the four enzyme cascades that interact in the plasma?

A

Blood coagulation pathways
Fibrinolysis
Kinin system
Complement cascade

24
Q

What is responsible for the pain felt in acute inflammation?

A

Bradykinin

25
Q

Name some examples of molecules released from cells in inflammation

A 
Histamine
Serotonin
Prostaglandins
Leukotrienes
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
Platelet activating factor
Cytokines and chemokines
Nitric oxide
Oxygen free radicals
26
Q

What are the three immediate systemic effects of inflammation?

A

Pyrexia
Malaise
Neutrophilia

27
Q

What are the three longer term systemic effects of acute inflammation?

A

Lymphadenopathy
Weight loss
Anaemia

28
Q

What is pyaemia?

A

Discharge of pus to the bloodstream

29
Q

What is granulation tissue?

A

“Universal patch” repair kit for all damage formed of new capillaries, fibroblasts, collagen and macrophages

30
Q

How is cardiac output calculated?

A

CO = SV x HR

cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate

31
Q

How is blood pressure calculated?

A

BP = CO x SVR

blood pressure = cardiac output x systemic vascular resistance

Principles of Disease Adele (7 decks)

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