Cancer Flashcards
Which is the most common type of cancer overall in the UK?
Breast cancer
Which is the most common type of cancer in men in the UK?
Prostate cancer
Which is the most common type of cancer in women in the UK?
Breast cancer
Does tumour growth continue after the removal of the stimulus?
Yes
Is tumour growth a reversible or irreversible change?
Irreversible
What is an adenoma?
Benign tumour of glandular epithelium
What is an adenocarcinoma?
Malignant tumour of glandular epithelium
What is a squamous papilloma?
Benign tumour of squamous epithelium
What is a squamous carcinoma?
Malignant tumour of squamous epithelium
What is an osteoma?
Benign tumour of bone
What is an osteosarcoma?
Malignant tumour of bone
What is leukaemia?
Malignant tumour of the white blood cells
What is a naevus?
Benign tumour of the melanocytes
What is a liposarcoma?
Malignant tumour of fatty tissue
What is a fibroma?
Benign tumour of fibrous tissue
What is lymphoma?
Malignant tumour of the lymphoid tissue
What is a melanoma?
Malignant tumour of the melanocytes
What is a lipoma?
Benign tumour of fatty tissue
What is a fibrosarcoma?
Malignant tumour of fibrous tissue
Which are usually encapsulated - benign or malignant tumours?
Benign
What is a teratoma?
Tumour of germ cells - can be benign or malignant
What type of tumours are associated with elevated alpha fetoprotein?
Hepatocellular carcinoma and teratoma of the testes
If you suspected a patient may have colorectal cancer, which tumour biomarker would you screen for?
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
If you suspected a patient may have prostate cancer, which tumour biomarker would you screen for?
Prostate specific antigen
What would elevated levels of oestrogen receptor be indicative of?
Breast cancer
If you suspected a patient’s cancer may have metastasised to the liver, which tumour biomarker would you screen for?
Alpha fetoprotein
What type of cancer is associated with elevated carcinoembryonic antigen?
Colorectal cancer
What would elevated levels of prostate specific antigen be indicative of?
Prostate cancer
Which phase of the cell cycle is the cell said to be ‘resting’ or quiescent?
G0
At which point in the cell cycle does cell growth cease?
M (Mitosis)
If the cell size is inadequate, which phase will it arrest in?
G1 or G2
If the cell nutrient supply is inadequate, which phase will it arrest in?
G1
If DNA damage is detected, which phase of the cell cycle will the cell arrest in?
G1 or G2
The checkpoints in each phase of the cell cycle are made up of a system of a catalytic subunit activated by a regulatory subunit. What are the catalytic subunits called?
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)
The checkpoints in each phase of the cell cycle are made up of a system of a catalytic subunit activated by a regulatory subunit. What are the regulatory subunits called?
Cyclins
The checkpoints in each phase of the cell cycle are made up of a system of a catalytic subunit activated by a regulatory subunit. What is the active enzyme complex called?
CDK/cyclin complex
Does pRb inactivate E2F transcription factor when it is phosphorylated or hypophosphorylated?
Hypophosphorylated
Do p53 levels increase or decrease in damaged cells?
Increase
