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Principles of Disease Adele > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Which is the most common type of cancer overall in the UK?

A

Breast cancer

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2
Q

Which is the most common type of cancer in men in the UK?

A

Prostate cancer

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3
Q

Which is the most common type of cancer in women in the UK?

A

Breast cancer

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4
Q

Does tumour growth continue after the removal of the stimulus?

A

Yes

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5
Q

Is tumour growth a reversible or irreversible change?

A

Irreversible

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6
Q

What is an adenoma?

A

Benign tumour of glandular epithelium

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7
Q

What is an adenocarcinoma?

A

Malignant tumour of glandular epithelium

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8
Q

What is a squamous papilloma?

A

Benign tumour of squamous epithelium

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9
Q

What is a squamous carcinoma?

A

Malignant tumour of squamous epithelium

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10
Q

What is an osteoma?

A

Benign tumour of bone

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11
Q

What is an osteosarcoma?

A

Malignant tumour of bone

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12
Q

What is leukaemia?

A

Malignant tumour of the white blood cells

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13
Q

What is a naevus?

A

Benign tumour of the melanocytes

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14
Q

What is a liposarcoma?

A

Malignant tumour of fatty tissue

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15
Q

What is a fibroma?

A

Benign tumour of fibrous tissue

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16
Q

What is lymphoma?

A

Malignant tumour of the lymphoid tissue

17
Q

What is a melanoma?

A

Malignant tumour of the melanocytes

18
Q

What is a lipoma?

A

Benign tumour of fatty tissue

19
Q

What is a fibrosarcoma?

A

Malignant tumour of fibrous tissue

20
Q

Which are usually encapsulated - benign or malignant tumours?

A

Benign

21
Q

What is a teratoma?

A

Tumour of germ cells - can be benign or malignant

22
Q

What type of tumours are associated with elevated alpha fetoprotein?

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma and teratoma of the testes

23
Q

If you suspected a patient may have colorectal cancer, which tumour biomarker would you screen for?

A

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)

24
Q

If you suspected a patient may have prostate cancer, which tumour biomarker would you screen for?

A

Prostate specific antigen

25
Q

What would elevated levels of oestrogen receptor be indicative of?

A

Breast cancer

26
Q

If you suspected a patient’s cancer may have metastasised to the liver, which tumour biomarker would you screen for?

A

Alpha fetoprotein

27
Q

What type of cancer is associated with elevated carcinoembryonic antigen?

A

Colorectal cancer

28
Q

What would elevated levels of prostate specific antigen be indicative of?

A

Prostate cancer

29
Q

Which phase of the cell cycle is the cell said to be ‘resting’ or quiescent?

A

G0

30
Q

At which point in the cell cycle does cell growth cease?

A

M (Mitosis)

31
Q

If the cell size is inadequate, which phase will it arrest in?

A

G1 or G2

32
Q

If the cell nutrient supply is inadequate, which phase will it arrest in?

A

G1

33
Q

If DNA damage is detected, which phase of the cell cycle will the cell arrest in?

A

G1 or G2

34
Q

The checkpoints in each phase of the cell cycle are made up of a system of a catalytic subunit activated by a regulatory subunit. What are the catalytic subunits called?

A

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)

35
Q

The checkpoints in each phase of the cell cycle are made up of a system of a catalytic subunit activated by a regulatory subunit. What are the regulatory subunits called?

A

Cyclins

36
Q

The checkpoints in each phase of the cell cycle are made up of a system of a catalytic subunit activated by a regulatory subunit. What is the active enzyme complex called?

A

CDK/cyclin complex

37
Q

Does pRb inactivate E2F transcription factor when it is phosphorylated or hypophosphorylated?

A

Hypophosphorylated

38
Q

Do p53 levels increase or decrease in damaged cells?

A

Increase

Principles of Disease Adele (7 decks)

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