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MEDICINE SCIENTISTS Flashcards

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1
Q

what era was John Ardene from

A

medieval

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2
Q

what was John Ardene’s occupation

A

battle surgeon in France - 100 year war

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3
Q

what did John Ardene do 3

A
  • 50% successful anus operations
  • made own pain relief- opium, hembrane and hemlock
  • avoided cauterising
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4
Q

what was John Ardene’s impact

A

1330 The Practice of Surgery

told doctors to trust their instinct not Galen

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5
Q

what era was John Bradmore from

A

medieval

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6
Q

what was John Bradmore discovery 2

A

the Bradmore Screw

used elderflower and honey to prevent infection

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7
Q

what did John Bradmore do

A

he invented the Bradmore Screw to save prince Henrys V

life as it was designed to remove an arrow from his face

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8
Q

what era was Galen from

A

Ancient Rome

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9
Q

what were Galen’s key ideas

A

took Hippocrates ideas further. Used the Four Humours and emphasised the importance of listening to a patient’s pulse. dissected animals in order to understand the human body better

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10
Q

what was Galen’s influence

A

used in western medicine for a long time

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11
Q

what era was Hippocrates from

A

greek

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12
Q

what were the key ideas of Hippocrates

A

believed that the four humours were to be kept in balance if a person was to be healthy

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13
Q

what was the influence of Hippocrates

A

doctors still use the Hippocratic oath

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14
Q

who agreed with Hippocrates ideas and why

A

the church and the ideas agreed with religious teachings so lasted a longer time

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15
Q

what era was Rhazes from

A

medieval

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16
Q

what era was Ibn Sina

A

medieval

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17
Q

what did Ibn Sina do

A

wrote many texts on medicine such as Kitab Ash-Shifa

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18
Q

what era were Hugh and Theodoric of Lucca from

A

medieval

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19
Q

what did Hugh and Theodoric of Lucca do

A

used wine as an antiseptic

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20
Q

what was the impact of Hugh and Theodoric of lucca

A

inspired surgeons to think of more antiseptics

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21
Q

what era was James Simpson from

A

industrial

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22
Q

what did James Simpson do

A

looked for a better aesthetic by sniffing drugs with friend and found chloroform

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23
Q

what was the impact of James Simpson

A

became best pain relief but surgery couldn’t be too long
used for women in labour but church opposed it
Queen Victoria used it after the birth of her 8th child

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24
Q

what era was Joseph Lister from

A

industrial

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25
Q

what did Joseph Lister discover

A

used carbolic acid as a spray which was the best antiseptic at the time.
lead to antiseptic surgery
inspired by the germ theory and applied it to his work

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26
Q

what was Joseph listers impact

A

sterile surgery

however faced opposition as it hurt surgeons hands

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27
Q

what era was Florence Nightingale from

A

industrial

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28
Q

what were Florence Nightingale’s key ideas

A

she opened hospital windows because of miasma

gave fresh food and made it healthy to patients

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29
Q

what did Florence nightingale do

A

worked in the crimean war hospitals

went back to Britain and funded training hospitals for nurses in st Thomas’.

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30
Q

what was the influence of Florence Nightingale

A

wrote a book ‘notes on nursing’ to make nursing a profession

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31
Q

what era was Louis Pasteur from

A

industrial

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32
Q

what did Louis Pasteur discover

A

he used acid to kill microorganisms before and after confinement
this led to the germ theory

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33
Q

what was the impact of the Germ Theory

A

immense
led to Pasteur developing vaccinations eg cholera
kochs discoveries
Paul Elrich developed the first magic bullet Salvarson 606 for syphilis

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34
Q

what era was Robert Koch from

A

industrial

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35
Q

what did Robert koch do

A

after germ theory koch identified many germs including TB and cholera in 1880s
koch developed a serum to fight diptheria which halved the death rate

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36
Q

what was Robert koch impact

A

his students also identified whooping cough diphtheria typhoid pneumonia plague and tetnas

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37
Q

what era was Mary Seacole from

A

industrial

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38
Q

what did Mary Seacole do

A

was a black women so faced discrimination and tried to join Florence Nightingale but wasn’t allowed so went to the Crimean war alone
opened a hotel to provide food and supplies to soldiers and also nursed them and wounded the ill

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39
Q

what was the influence of Mary Seacole

A

at the time she has little influence but became more personal for bravery and herbal remedies

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40
Q

what era was Joseph Bazalgette from

A

industrial

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41
Q

why did Joseph Bazalgette help

A

believed in miasma

wanted to deter the smell from the great stink 1858

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42
Q

what did Joseph Bazalgette do

A

built a huge sewer system that is still used due to being built for growing populations

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43
Q

who funded Joseph bazalgette

A

government - due to the great stink

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44
Q

what was the impact of Joseph bazalgette

A

saved lives stopped typhoid and cholera in London

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45
Q

what era was Edwin Chadwick from

A

industrial

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46
Q

who did Edwin Chadwick help

A

the poor

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47
Q

what did Edwin Chadwick do

A

proved that poverty causes ill health
1842 report on the sanitary conditions of the labouring poor population
helped set up the clean party

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48
Q

what was the influence of Edwin Chadwick

A

influenced the 1848 Public Health act

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49
Q

what era was William Farr from

A

industrial

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50
Q

what did William Farr do

A

1837 introduced a register if births marriages and deaths

work on improving slums but believed in miasma

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51
Q

what era was John Snow from

A

industrial

52
Q

what did John Snow discover

A

was sceptical of miasma and believed that sewage dumped in rivers contaminated drinking water. found broad street pump in soho was contaminated - cholera

53
Q

what was the impact of John snow

A

little at the time -warned people not to drink out the pump but no one listened

54
Q

what era was Sophia jex-Blake from

A

industrial

55
Q

what did Sophia jex Blake do

A

pioneered for womens medical education

1886 she founded the Edinburgh schools of medicine for women

56
Q

what was the impact of Sophia jex Blake

A

in 1894 university of Edinburgh admitted women to graduate from medicine

57
Q

what era was Elizabeth Garrett Anderson fron

A

industrial

58
Q

what did Elizabeth Garrett Anderson do

A

the first woman to qualify in Britain as a physician and surgeon

59
Q

what era was Elizabeth Blackwell from

A

industrial

60
Q

what did Elizabeth Blackwell do

A

the first woman to receive a medical degree in the United States and first woman on the medical register of the general medical council

61
Q

what era was Benjamin Disraeli from

A

industrial

62
Q

what did Benjamin Disraeli do

A

gave a new vision based on the concept of tory democracy forming a relationship between rich and poor where the upper and lower classes worked together

63
Q

what era was Ignaz Semmelweis from

A

industrial

64
Q

what Ignaz Semmelweis do

A

in 1847 showed washing hands with calcium chloride could drastically reduce the number of women dying during childbirth

65
Q

what was the impact of Ignaz Semmelweis

A

death rates from 35% to 1% at his hospital

unfortunately few hospitals adopted this

66
Q

what era was William Harvey from

A

renaissance

67
Q

what was William Harveys background

A

war surgeon at doctors to kings

68
Q

what did William Harvey discover

A

the heart is a pump and blood circulates round the body

the liver doesn’t make blood and you shouldn’t bleed them

69
Q

what did William Harvey experiment with

A

used alive cold blooded animals pushed wires down veins to test valves

70
Q

what was the impact of William Harvey

A

at first not good as he couldn’t prove it eg couldn’t prove tiny blood cells without a microscope but later vindicated.
book 1628 the motion of the heart

71
Q

what era was John hunter from

A

renaissance

72
Q

what was John Harveys background

A

surgeon worked with Jenner , army experience

73
Q

what did John Harvey believe

A

best way to treat wounds is to leave it too nature

74
Q

what did John Harvey do

A

gave himself stis to cure them

has a collection of body parts some stolen and sold to him

75
Q

what was the impact of John Harvey

A

taught many student

father of scientific surgery

76
Q

what era was Andreas Vesalius from

A

renaissance

77
Q

what was Andreas Vesalius’ background

A

professor of surgery studied medicine in Italy

78
Q

what did Andreas Vesalius do

A

stressed the need to dissect
anatomy is vital to surely
proved Galen iron about the heart and the jaw

79
Q

what was the impact of Andreas Vesalius

A

book in 1543 the fabric of the human body

crucial challenged Galen and made dissection vital

80
Q

what era was ambroise pare from

A

renaissance

81
Q

what was the background of ambroise pare

A

ware surgeon in French wars

82
Q

what did ambroise pare do

A

trial and error = experiment
stopped using hot oil on bullet wounds because he ran out of oil so used rose oil, turpentine and egg yolk
used ligatures of solo instead of cauterising

83
Q

what was the impact of ambroise pare

A

very influenzas till and even designed prosthetics

wrote book les Oe Uvres

84
Q

what era was Edward Jenner from

A

renaissance

85
Q

what were Edward Jenners key ideas

A

cow pox meant you were immune to small pox

innoculation was not the most effective method

86
Q

what influence Edward Jenner

A

was inoculated as a child found it terrible so it influenced him
vaccines are still used today

87
Q

what era was Thomas Sydenham from

A

renaissance

88
Q

what were Thomas Sydenham’s beliefs

A

observe the patient dont rely on books

disease behaves differently

89
Q

what was Thomas sydenhams treatment

A

chinchana bark - malaria
cold therapy for small pox
not much bleeding

90
Q

was Thomas Sydenham successful

A

very good but doctors didn’t like him

91
Q

what era was Harold gillies from

A

modern

92
Q

what did Harold gillies discover

A

the basis of skin grafting
persuaded the army to set up a special hospital in 1917 for facial repairs
over 5000 servicemen were treated by gillies and his men

93
Q

what was the impact of Harold gillies

A

meant Archibald mcindoe advanced his techniques

94
Q

what era was Archibald mcindoe from

A

modern

occupation surgeon

95
Q

what did Archibald mcindoe discover

A

improved on gillies techniques of skin grafting. treated burns after pilots were shot down

96
Q

who did Archibald mcindoe help

A

pilots during Battle of Britain and help patients reintegrate into society

97
Q

was Archibald mcindoe successful

A

patients set up guinea pig club to celebrate his work

yes

98
Q

what era were Ernest chain and Howard Florey from

A

modern

99
Q

what did Ernest chain and Howard Florey do

A

1937 at Oxford uni they were working after reading flemings work
during ww2 the us government gave $25 million to produce penicillin and saved many lives
first human trial died as they ran out

100
Q

what was the impact of Ernest chain and Howard florey

A

helped save many lives in ww2

101
Q

what era was Paul elrich from

A

modern

102
Q

what did Paul elrich discover

A

he developed the first magic bullet Salvarsan 606 for syphilis

103
Q

what was the impact of Paul elrich

A

was then followed by prontosil

104
Q

what era was aneurin Bevan from

A

modern

105
Q

what did Bevan do

A

labour minister of health and housing was responsible for the creation of the ohs

106
Q

what was the impact of Bevan

A

although it was opposed by doctors in meant health care was free to the poor improving the quality of life

107
Q

what era was William beveridge from

A

modern

108
Q

what did William beveridge do

A

the beveridge report aims were to end poor health and have better healthcare for all from ‘cradle to grave’

109
Q

what was the impact of William beveridge

A

improved healthcare

110
Q

what era were crick and Watson from

A

modern

111
Q

what did crick and Watson do

A

1953 determination of the structure of DNA - the double helix twisted ladder model

112
Q

what was the impact of crick and watson

A

helped people understand how genes control the chemical process

113
Q

what era was Gerhard domagk from

A

modern

114
Q

what did Gerhard domagk discover

A

he is credited with the discovery of sulfommidochrysoidine the first commercial available antibiotic

115
Q

what is the impact of Gerhard domagk

A

able to treat illness

116
Q

what era was David Lloyd George from

A

modern

117
Q

what did David Lloyd George do

A

1911 national insurance act - provided British workers with insurance against illness
all wage earned joined and had to pay a weekly contribution

118
Q

what was the impact of David Lloyd George

A

allowed people to take time of work if ill

119
Q

what era was Charles booth from

A

modern

120
Q

what did Charles booth do

A

extreme poverty still in London. drew a map showing this

121
Q

what was the impact of Charles booth

A

influenced the changing attitudes to the poor and influenced the government to change

122
Q

what era was Alexander Fleming from

A

modern

123
Q

what did Alexander Fleming do

A

1928 didn’t wash Petri dishes and found germs were killed by penicillin
in 1929 he published his findings but didn’t have funds to develop

124
Q

what was the impact of Fleming

A

influenced chain and Florey

125
Q

what era was Joseph rowntree free

A

modern

126
Q

what did Joseph rowntree doo

A

1904 Joseph rowntre foundation founded set up to find the root causes of social problems and ways to overcome them

127
Q

what was the impact of Joseph rowntree

A

improved peoples lives as It targeted problems like poverty and health

HISTORY (6 decks)

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